REVERSIBLE ADSORPTION OF AQUEOUS DIVALENT COPPER ION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS1

Sediments were equilibrated with solutions containing divalent copper ion. A colorimetric method using the triethylenete-tramine complex of the metal ion was employed to measure changes in uptake of copper by the sediments. Studies were made with sediments from rivers in the British Isles which were in the proximity of areas which had been mined for metals for several hundred years. For comparison, similar studies were performed with a sample of sand and a soil with a high organic content. It was possible to follow the uptake of copper ion by the materials and estimate their abilities to adsorb copper ion. In particular, a strong correlation was observed between the organic content of the sediment and the total amount of copper adsorbed by the sample. Under the employed circumstances it was possible to demonstrate that the adsorption of the metal ion was reversible.     

深水型水库藻形态功能组(MBFG)的季节演替特征

以藻类形态功能组(morphologically-based functional groups,MBFG)藻种在光学显微镜下的形态特征为基础,对具有相同形态特征的藻种进行分组,形成了面向藻类集群形态属性的功能组别.为了解藻类形态功能组在研究深水型水库藻类变化规律中的应用及藻类演替特征,于2011年8月至2013年7月对西安市金盆水库进行采样分析,采用形态功能组分类方法对金盆水库中检测出的藻类进行了分类,结合冗余分析探讨了藻类形态功能组演替及其与环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明,黑河金盆水库中的藻类可以分为5个形态功能组别:Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ;水库中春夏季多种藻类形态功能组共存,秋冬季藻类形态功能组结构较为单一;在沿水深的纵向演替过程中,各形态功能组的生物密度随水深的增加而减少;在影响形态功能组演替的各个环境因子中,温度对水库表层藻类形态功能组Ⅳ和Ⅵ影响较大;表层以下各研究水层,TN的质量浓度为藻类形态功能群组Ⅵ的显著影响因素.     

乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落与阴阳离子、重金属间的关系

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落组成特点进行定量系统研究,得知其组成基本上呈种类多、丰度小,种类少、丰度大的分布状况。对底栖硅藻丰度和八种离子、重金属间关系进行定量分析后知Hg元素是影响底栖硅藻丰度的第一显著因子,建立了底栖硅藻丰度-汞元素曲线回归方程。可为用硅藻监测、评价河流水质提供理论基础,并为水质预警的硅藻生物指标的研究提供科学依据。     

滨河湿地地下水水位变化及其与河水响应关系研究

滨河湿地的发育与退化过程受河流水文过程的显著影响.以黄河湿地国家自然保护区盂津湿地为研究对象,通过滨河湿地地下水位变化(特刖是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了滨河湿地地下水水位与洪水的响应关系.结果表明,滨河湿地地下水位受河水水位影响显著,地下水位的波动幅度与河岸距离之间存在明显的负指数关系,调水期内这...     

咪唑类离子液体系列对卤虫的急性毒性研究

选取卤虫作为实验生物,研究了1-丁基,1-辛基,1-十二烷基-3甲基咪唑盐酸盐( [Cnmim][Cl](n = 4,8,12) ) 3种离子液体的暴露对卤虫个体存活率的影响.同时,选取了实验室常用的有机试剂甲醇和乙腈,无机化学品重铬酸钾作为阳性对照.根据剂量效应曲线的拟合结果发现,受试离子液体系列随着咪唑环上烃基侧链碳原子数的增加,对卤虫的毒性效应也相应增强,3种离子液体对卤虫的LC50-24h依次为171.1,133.6,17.76μg/mL.离子液体对卤虫的LC50-24h比甲醇(LC50-24h=84.83mg/mL)和乙腈(LC50-24h=52.84mg/mL)低了2~3个数量级,重铬酸钾对卤虫的(LC50-24h=16.87μg/mL)与离子液体对卤虫的LC50-24h处于同一水平.     

Estimating net primary production and annual plant carbon inputs, and modelling future changes in soil carbon stocks in arable farmlands of northern Japan

Soil C sequestration in croplands is deemed to be one of the most promising greenhouse gas mitigation options for Japan's agriculture. In this context, changes in soil C stocks in northern Japan's arable farming area over the period of 1971-2010, specifically in the region's typical Andosol (volcanic ash-derived) and non-Andosol soils, were simulated using soil-type-specific versions of the Rothamsted carbon model (RothC). The models were then used to predict the effects, over the period of 2011-2050, of three potential management scenarios: (i) baseline: maintenance of present crop residue returns and green manure crops, as well as composted cattle manure C inputs (24-34 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ applied on 3-55% of arable land according to crop), (ii) cattle manure: all arable fields receive 20 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of composted cattle manure, increased C inputs from crop residues and present C inputs from green manure are assumed, and (iii) minimum input: all above-ground crop residues removed, no green manure crop, no cattle manure applied. Above- and below-ground residue biomass C inputs contributed by 8 major crops, and oats employed as a green manure crop, were drawn from yield statistics recorded at the township level and crop-specific allometric relationships (e.g. ratio of above-ground residue biomass to harvested biomass on a dry weight basis). Estimated crop net primary production (NPP) ranged from 1.60 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for adzuki bean to 8.75 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for silage corn. For the whole region (143 × 10³ ha), overall NPP was estimated at 952 ± 60 Gg C yr⁻¹ (6.66 ± 0.42 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Plant C inputs to the soil also varied widely amongst the crops, ranging from 0.50 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for potato to 3.26 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for winter wheat. Annual plant C inputs to the soil were estimated at 360 ± 45 Gg C yr⁻¹ (2.52 ± 0.32 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), representing 38% of the cropland NPP. The RothC simulations suggest that the region's soil C stock (0-30 cm horizon), across all soils, has decreased from 13.96 Tg C (107.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 1970 to 12.46 Tg C (96.0 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in 2010. For the baseline, cattle manure and minimum input scenarios, soil C stocks of 12.13, 13.27 and 9.82 Tg C, respectively, were projected for 2050. Over the period of 2011-2050, compared to the baseline scenario, soil C was sequestered (+0.219 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) by enhanced cattle manure application, but was lost (−0.445 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) under the minimum input scenario. The effect of variations of input data (monthly mean temperature, monthly precipitation, plant C inputs and cattle manure C inputs) on the uncertainty of model outputs for each scenario was assessed using a Monte Carlo approach. Taking into account the uncertainty (standard deviation as % of the mean) for the model's outputs for 2050 (5.1-6.1%), it is clear that the minimum input scenario would lead to a rapid decrease in soil C stocks for arable farmlands in northern Japan.     

稻田土壤性质与稻米镉含量的定量关系

水稻是高累积镉（Cd）的农作物,其吸收累积Cd的量受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下,土壤中Cd含量和土壤性质与稻米Cd含量的定量关系,在水稻收获时通过对60个不同田块的土壤和稻谷进行点对点采样,分析土壤Cd含量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质（SOM）、土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）和稻米中Cd含量,并通过线性相关与多元回归分析,研究Cd污染稻田土壤性质与稻米Cd含量的定量关系.结果表明：所采稻田土壤Cd含量范围为0.15~2.54 mg·kg^-1,其对应的稻米Cd含量范围为0.02~2.00 mg·kg^-1;简单线性相关分析表明,土壤全Cd含量与水稻籽粒Cd含量达到了极显著相关水平（P<0.01）,相关性系数r=0.392（n=60）;土壤pH、有机质（SOM）和阳离子交换量（CEC）对稻米Cd含量也有一定的影响,但未达到显著水平;土壤pH与稻米Cd含量的关系呈现为：当pH小于6.5时,稻米Cd含量随着pH的升高而增加,当pH大于6.5时,稻米Cd含量随着pH的升高而降低.将土壤全Cd含量、土壤pH、有机质（SOM）、阳离子交换量（CEC）与稻米中Cd含量进行多元回归分析,得到5个稻米中Cd含量预测方程,其相关系数r均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,其中包括全部变量在内的预测方程的相关性系数最高,可以较好地预测此地水稻籽粒中Cd含量.     

喀斯特洞穴甲烷研究进展

甲烷是最主要的温室气体之一。此前对全球甲烷进行了大量的观测和模拟研究,但在源汇关系和通量的认识上仍存在较大的不确定性。近期研究发现,广泛分布的喀斯特地下空间(洞穴和裂隙等)是大气甲烷重要的汇;其作用机制主要有微生物氧化作用和物理化学作用,但对二者的影响大小认识不足;喀斯特洞穴甲烷碳库大小及其对喀斯特生态系统的影响认识尚不清楚。下一步工作应该加强洞穴甲烷的系统研究,分析甲烷的碳汇机制以及估算碳库大小;同时,加强喀斯特生态系统大气、土壤和洞穴甲烷通量的研究,以揭示喀斯特地下空间对生态系统碳循环的影响。     

环草隆对城市绿地重金属污染土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸及相关酶活性的影响

城市土壤重金属和有机污染物复合污染广泛存在,而城市草坪除草剂的应用使城市绿地土壤的农药污染问题成为了新的关注点。为了准确评价城市绿地重金属污染土壤的农药污染生态风险,选择不同重金属污染程度的土壤为研究对象,以土壤有机氮矿化量、基础呼吸以及土壤酶活性为指标,采用室内模拟试验方法,探讨了草坪除草剂环草隆污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应。结果表明:(1)土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸、芳基硫酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酶对重金属和环草隆污染响应较为敏感,脲酶和蔗糖酶对重金属和环草隆污染不敏感。(2)环草隆浓度为0~1 000 mg·kg~(-1)范围内,和污染较轻的样点N土壤的碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性相关关系显著,和污染较为严重的样点D和G土壤的芳基硫酸酯酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性关系显著。(3)土壤中环草隆对样点D和G土壤芳香硫酸酯酶活性、对样点N土壤碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的EC10分别为568 mg·kg~(-1)、1 306 mg·kg~(-1)(抑制值)和56 mg·kg~(-1)(激活值)、99 mg·kg~(-1),EC50分别为1 901 mg·kg~(-1)、3 806 mg·kg~(-1)、2 321 mg·kg~(-1)。以上研究结果能够为城市土壤重金属和农药复合污染生态风险评价提供基础数据和技术方法。     

各种煤矿安全管理行为及其相互影响作用研究

为了探究不同煤矿安全管理行为的相互影响关系,用以指导煤矿管理者的安全管理工作实践,在对煤矿安全管理行为内涵进行界定的基础上,运用专家调查法获得了25种煤矿安全管理行为,运用提名分组技术筛选出13种最重要的安全管理行为,运用模糊决策实验室方法对这些安全管理行为的相互影响作用进行研究。通过计算各煤矿安全管理行为间的直接影响矩阵,计算各煤矿安全管理行为间的影响度和被影响度,得到总影响度和净影响度,进而探析不同煤矿安全管理行为之间的相互影响作用特点。又进一步将这13种煤矿安全管理行为划分为5个管理维度,研究了不同安全管理维度之间的相互影响作用特点。结果表明,不同煤矿安全管理行为和安全管理维度的相互影响作用是不同的,煤矿管理者可以根据这些影响作用特点,更加合理地选择和实施各种安全管理行为。