Comparison of residue levels of persistent organochlorine compounds in butter from Spain and from other European countries

Abstract

Commercially available butter from Spain (n=36) and from other European countries (n=20) has been analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography with an electron capture detector for organochlorine contaminants. The results showed that both groups of samples have a similar pattern of these pollutants, but in all cases where significant differences in concentrations were found, Spanish samples presented higher values. This was especially notable for lindane (median values 11.6 vs. 3.0 ng/g wet weight), hexachlorobenzene (6.4 vs. 0.5) and ß‐hexachlorocyclohexane (3.1 vs. 1.2). Total PCBs showed no differences (5.4 vs. 6.6), but detailed analysis of congener composition indicated a higher presence in Spanish samples of the most persistent chlorinated PCBs. No sample presented levels of concern for any single organochlorine compound. It is interesting to note that consumption of butter in Spain is low so, although levels of organochlorines are higher than those found in other countries, consumers are less exposed through this foodstuff than in other European countries. These results also confirm the fact that environmental pollution by organochlorines is more important in Spain than in the rest of Europe.     

TiO2膜光催化降解4，4’-二溴联苯的研究

研究了负载于玻璃上的固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4’-二溴联苯（4,4’-DBB）的效果,考察了溶液pH值和4,4’-DBB初始浓度等对TiO2膜光催化降解4,4’-DBB的影响,探讨了降解机理。结果表明,TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4’-DBB的效果良好,紫外光照射8h,初始浓度为4mg／L的4,4’-DBB的降解率高达94％,降解速率随着4,4’-DBB初始浓度的增大而下降。在溶液pH：1时,4,4’-DBB的降解效率最高。超声的加入使降解反应的速率加快。经拟合发现4,4’-DBB的降解符合拟一级反应规律,并推导出动力学方程。     

游客对西安市“农家乐”旅游决策影响因素的因子分析——以西安市长安区“农家乐”为例

了解＂农家乐＂旅游者出游的影响因素对＂农家乐＂旅游的健康蓬勃发展具有重大影响。以西安市长安区＂农家乐＂为例实证研究发现,农家生活氛围、农家娱购条件、可进入性和农村特色是＂农家乐＂旅游者旅游决策的重要影响因素。通过创造宁静和谐的农家生活氛围、举行富有参与性的农家娱购活动、完善旅游基础配套设施和提供具有农村突出特色的农家美食来提高＂农家乐＂旅游的吸引力,研究结果对今后＂农家乐＂旅游市场发展具有科学指导意义。     

气候环境试验设备性能确认

本文以气候环境试验方法对试验参数的要求为出发点,提出气候环境试验设备性能确认的原则。同时,扼要介绍气候环境试验设备性能确认相关标准的一些问题。     

静电场采样装置对室内空气中过敏原采集效率的研究

以Biosampler采样器为参照,采用平行重复的实验方法,以电压和流量作为匹配因素结合ELISA、LAL和GLUCANTELL技术,检测空气中过敏原Der p和Der f及内毒素和多聚糖.结果表明,静电场采样装置对4种生物气溶胶的采集效率要比Biosampler采样器高2倍～8倍,静电场采样法优于撞击式采样法.     

Linking empirical estimates of body burden of environmental chemicals and wellness using NHANES data

Biomonitoring of industrial chemicals in human tissues and fluids has shown that all people carry a “body burden” of synthetic chemicals. Although measurement of an environmental chemical in a person's tissues/fluids is an indication of exposure, it does not necessarily mean the exposure concentration is sufficient to cause an adverse effect. Since humans are exposed to multiple chemicals, there may be a combination effect (e.g., additive, synergistic) associated with low-level exposures to multiple classes of contaminants, which may impact a variety of organ systems. The objective of this research is to link measures of body burden of environmental chemicals and a “holistic” measure of wellness. The approach is demonstrated using biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Forty-two chemicals were selected for analysis based on their detection levels. Six biological pathway-specific indices were evaluated using groups of chemicals associated with each pathway. Five of the six pathways were negatively associated with wellness. Three non-zero interaction terms were detected which may provide empirical evidence of crosstalk across pathways. The approach identified five of the 42 chemicals from a variety of classes (metals, pesticides, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as accounting for 71% of the weight linking body burden to wellness. Significant interactions were detected indicating the effect of smoking is exacerbated by body burden of environmental chemicals. Use of a holistic index on both sides of the exposure-health equation is a novel and promising empirical “systems biology” approach to risk evaluation of complex environmental exposures.     

湿式电除尘器技术分析

近期全国多地雾霾频发,空气质量恶化,为改善空气质量,国家出台了新的火电厂大气污染物排放标准,加强对于烟尘、SO2、NOx的排放控制。为满足新的排放标准,解决现运行电厂存在的细微颗粒物排放不达标、石膏雨以及蓝烟问题,湿式电除尘器作为控制大气复合污染物的精处理装置,可以作为烟囱前的最后一道技术把关。分析了湿式电除尘器除尘机理、结构特点以及布置方式,论述了国内外应用情况,并在此基础上就技术性和经济性两方面与干式电除尘器、袋式除尘器和电袋除尘器进行分析比较,可为电厂选型提供参考。     

Ambient Air Particulates Bound Mercury Hg(p) Study Among Four Crops (Rice,White Cabbage,Arden Lettuce,and Gynura) at a Characteristic Sampling Site

The main purpose of this study was to monitor ambient air particulates and particulate-bound Hg (Hg[p]) compositions in different crops in the coastal zone in the Taichung, Taiwan, area at a sampling site during 2013 October to 2013 December. In addition, a direct mercury analyzer (DMA-80) was used to directly detect the concentration with measured results by the regression equation of Hg in the ambient air. The results indicated that: 1) the mean values of ambient air Hg(p) compositions in rice displayed no significant differences for weeks one, two, and three versus those of the other crops (white cabbage, Arden lettuce, and Gynura procumbens); 2) for white cabbage, the higher the humidity, the lower the average ambient air Hg(p) compositions that were obtained, a phenomenon that was also reflected on the crops of white cabbage and G. procumbens; 3) Arden lettuce displayed no significant differences in the leaf Hg(p) compositions during weeks one, two, and three; however, the stem portions displayed significant differences in Hg(p) compositions during weeks two and three; and 4) the Spearman statistical method showed the mean differences for ambient air Hg(p) at the Long-jing sampling site (coastal regions) with four different crops (rice, white cabbage, Arden lettuce, and Gynura) in central Taiwan. The results further revealed no significant differences in mean values.     

氯氰菊酯的酶促降解研究

从氯氰菊酯高效降解真菌镰孢霉属（Fusarium）菌株TS-203中提取了降解酶,研究了降解酶对氯氰菊酯的降解特性。结果表明,胞内酶对氯氰菊酯的降解率高达59．8％,细胞碎片对氯氰菊酯的降解率为47．6％,而由（NH。）：sO。沉淀法提取到的胞外酶对氯氰菊酯的降解率仅为10．3％,由此确定菌株TS-203产生的降解酶为胞内酶。以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白测得胞内粗酶液中可溶性蛋白质含量为3．24mg／mL;该酶对氯氰菊酯酶促降解的最适pH为7．0,最适温度为30℃,降解酶的米氏常数K。为6．8120×10^-4mmol／mL,最大反应速度Vmax为1．1799×10^-4mmol／min。研究结果表明,该酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,对热和pH均具有较好的耐受力,对氯氰菊酯降解效果较好。     

New DDT inputs after 30 years of prohibition in Spain. A case study in agricultural soils from south-western Spain

This study provides information on the current status of contamination by DDT in agricultural soils in south-western Spain. A recent use of technical DDT in at least 17% of the soils was found based on the values (<1) of the ratio Rp,p^′/p,p^′=[p,p^′-DDE+p,p^′-DDD]/[p,p^′-DDT]. According to the ratio Ro,p^′/p,p^′=[o,p^′-DDT]/[p,p^′-DDT], a dicofol type contamination was detected in about 27% of the soils. A wide range of concentrations was observed (0.08-11.1 ng/g d.w.) regardless of the type of crop soil. Enantiomeric fractions (EFs), based on the chiral analysis of o,p′-DDT residues differed from the racemic value (0.500) in most soils but they were not correlated with the study variables [DDTs], SOM, Rp,p^′/p,p^′ and Ro,p^′/p,p^′. Given the health risks posed by DDT, our findings support how the environmental control of legacy pollutants such as DDT cannot be neglected.