Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

西藏生态经济系统的能值分析与可持续发展研究

在简要分析西藏的自然、社会经济概况及其在中国的战略地位基础上，运用能值理论与方法，对其主要资源的贮存价值、总能值用量、能值的流入流出情况、人口承载力、能值投入率、能值使用强度、环境负荷等指标进行了系统研究，并与其他国家的有关指标进行了比较研究，提出了进一步开发西藏资源、实现可持续发展目标的政策建议。     

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

pH对MAP沉淀法去除废水中氨氮的影响

本文用模拟废水进行了磷酸铵镁（MAP）沉淀法脱氮试验，着重分析了pH值对沉淀种类及晶态的影响，试验结果表明MAP沉淀法废水脱氮的适宜pH值在9．0～10．5之间，在此范围内氨氮去除率和沉淀量随pH值升高而增加，生成MAP比较纯净。用污泥回流液进行验证试验，结果表明MAP沉淀法在处理实际废水时具有良好的效果。     

应用δ~(13)C值探讨土壤中有机碳的迁移规律

C3 植物与C4 植物具明显的δ13C值差异 ,利用这种特性 ,选取荔波茂兰喀斯特森林边缘处这个C3植物—C4 植物转换生长的地点 ,分别采集森林与农田各三个剖面的土壤样品 ,根据测定其土壤总有机碳、不同粒径及不同比重组分的δ13C值间的相互关系来推导土壤有机碳的若干迁移规律     

自然水体生物膜对铜(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

以董铺水库为水源、天然纯棉绳为人工基质培养生物膜,研究了附着在棉绳表面上的自然水体生物膜吸附Cu和Cd的热力学和动力学特征及pH对吸附性能的影响.通过对实验数据进行非线型拟合,发现生物膜对2种重金属的吸附均符合Freundlich(F)和Langmuir(L)吸附等温式,对2种金属的吸附能力顺序是:Cu＞Cd.生物膜对Cu和Cd的吸附在数小时内可达到平衡,吸附过程符合二级动力学特征.通过调节吸附液的pH值,研究了不同pH对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,随着pH的升高,2种金属的吸附量明显增加.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

利用逆向轨迹反演模式估算北京地区甲烷源强

利用连续监测的大气甲烷浓度数据和拉格朗日逆向轨迹反演模式估算出北京甲烷源排放强度，并与根据最新调查数据建立的北京地区甲烷源排放清单进行了比较。排放清单结果表明，北京地区甲烷排放总量为296．4Gg/a，其中，最主要的甲烷排放源为城市垃圾和化石燃料，反映了北京作为一特大城市甲烷排放以人为源为主的特点。利用2000年6月至12月连续观测的有湿合层代表性的北京大气甲烷浓度，通过奇异值分解法（Singular Value Decomposition，SVD）反演出模拟区域的甲烷排放源强度和分布。模式计算与排放清单在甲烷源定性分布上对应较好，定量结果也是合理的。但由于可输入的气象数据有限，轨迹在整个模拟区域内覆盖不均匀，反演出的源块位置有偏差，其中偏差最大的为煤矿的甲烷排放。     

左氧氟沙星的超声/H2O2联合降解研究

采用超声/H2O2高级氧化技术对喹诺酮类抗生素左氧氟沙星进行降解,考察了H2O2浓度、超声功率、溶液初始pH值对反应过程的影响.结果表明,与单独超声和H2O2氧化相比,超声/H2O2对左氧氟沙星具有明显的协同降解作用. H2O2 添加浓度在3.0~20.0mmol/L范围, 左氧氟沙星的降解率随其添加浓度的增加而增加;超声功率在260W时降解效果最佳;左氧氟沙星初始浓度在10~30mg/L范围内,左氧氟沙星的降解量随其初始浓度的增加而增加;超声/H2O2降解左氧氟沙星在未调节(pH 7.14)效果最佳. HPLC分析发现降解过程主要有2种产物生成, 产物的生成和分布受体系pH的影响较大.     

中国西南地区金属矿开采对矿区土壤重金属影响的Meta分析

金属矿开采是土壤重金属的最主要来源之一.以往针对单个或少数几个金属矿区的研究尚不足以有效支撑大尺度特别是跨省域尺度内矿区土壤重金属污染的治理.本研究针对我国金属矿产资源丰富的西南地区（云南省、四川省、贵州省、重庆市和西藏自治区）,搜集了有关金属矿开采对土壤重金属影响的文献,采用Meta分析量化了不同情景模式（即不同子区域、矿种和土地利用类型）下金属矿开采对周边土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的影响,最后利用失安全系数与漏斗图检验了研究数据的发表性偏倚.结果表明,我国西南地区金属矿开采整体上显著增加了表层土壤中重金属含量［ES₊（weight effect size）=1.53］,重金属增加量由高到低顺序为：Cd （4109.80%）>Pb （741.49%）>Hg （452.90%）>Zn （420.70%）>As （278.10%）>Cu （138.69%）>Ni （16.18%）,Cr无显著影响;四川和云南采矿对土壤Cd （ES_+四川=4.16;ES_+云南=3.20）和Pb （ES_+四川=3.47;ES_+云南=2.54）的影响较高,贵州采矿对土壤Hg （ES₊=2.80）的影响最高;金属矿开采对耕地土壤（ES₊=1.42）的影响较高;铅锌矿和锡矿开采显著增加了土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的含量,铜矿开采显著增加了土壤Cu、Cd和Pb的含量;以上重金属中,Pb和Zn的研究结果受发表性偏倚的影响（P<0.05）.本研究结果可为西南金属矿区土壤环境保护提供更多的有效信息.