湿式石灰石-石膏烟气脱硫系统的工艺控制

通过实践提出湿法脱硫系统运行时工艺参数的优化值,重点讨论了浆液pH、石膏相对过饱和度的控制,以实例说明烟气负荷变化时设备运行方式的改变和参数的调整手段。     

砷酸钙化合物的溶解度及其稳定性随pH值的变化

通过混合沉淀和溶解实验详细研究了pH值和Ca/As摩尔比对石灰沉淀法处理高浓度含砷废水的影响.沉淀后溶液中的As浓度随pH值的变化趋势与混合液的Ca/As摩尔比有关,在Ca/As=1·50和1·67时,沉淀后溶液中的As浓度在pH=7附近达到最低,然后随pH值的升高而呈现出增大的趋势;在Ca/As=2·00和4·00时,沉淀后溶液中的As浓度随pH值的升高而降低,且2种Ca/As摩尔比条件下的实验结果基本一致.混合沉淀过程中生成的砷酸钙化合物的组成与结构取决于溶液的Ca/As摩尔比和pH值.在低pH值和低Ca/As摩尔比条件下形成的沉淀物要比在高pH值和高Ca/As摩尔比条件下形成的沉淀物的颗粒要大,而且结晶程度要好.在Ca/As摩尔比为1·0~4·0和不同pH值条件下,主要生成Ca_3(AsO_4)_2·3H_2O、Ca_3(AsO_4)_2·2·25H_2O、Ca_5(AsO-4)_3OH和Ca_4(OH)-2(AsO_4)2·4H_2O,溶度积分别等于10~(-21·14)、10~(-21·40)、10~(-40·12)和10~(-27·49).     

铁硫化物对高砷地下水中As(Ⅲ)的去除效果研究

高砷地下水具有极高的毒性,人类长期饮用高砷地下水可造成砷中毒.在查明山阴地区高砷地下水污染特征的基础上,将室内批试验与PHREEQC软件数值模拟相结合,考察了投料比、pH值对铁硫化物除砷效果的影响,为原位修复高砷地下水工艺确定了最佳条件.结果表明:山阴地区砷超标地下水样的pH值为7.6?8.5,总砷浓度为17～242 ...     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

左氧氟沙星的超声/H2O2联合降解研究

采用超声/H2O2高级氧化技术对喹诺酮类抗生素左氧氟沙星进行降解,考察了H2O2浓度、超声功率、溶液初始pH值对反应过程的影响.结果表明,与单独超声和H2O2氧化相比,超声/H2O2对左氧氟沙星具有明显的协同降解作用. H2O2 添加浓度在3.0~20.0mmol/L范围, 左氧氟沙星的降解率随其添加浓度的增加而增加;超声功率在260W时降解效果最佳;左氧氟沙星初始浓度在10~30mg/L范围内,左氧氟沙星的降解量随其初始浓度的增加而增加;超声/H2O2降解左氧氟沙星在未调节(pH 7.14)效果最佳. HPLC分析发现降解过程主要有2种产物生成, 产物的生成和分布受体系pH的影响较大.     

以DO、ORP、pH作为两段SBR工艺的实时控制参数

介绍了在传统SBR脱氮工艺的基础上 ,开发的用于处理COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水的两段SBR系统 (TSSBR) .根据传统SBR工艺在反应过程中 ,当COD不再被降解 ,而硝化反应又没有开始时 ,DO迅速大幅度升高以及pH曲线上出现的拐点 ,可以将COD降解与硝化反应分割开 ,先后在不同的反应器内进行 ,分别命名为SBR1和SBR2 ,避免高COD浓度对硝化反应的冲击 ,提高处理效率 .利用在线检测的DO、ORP和pH参数实时控制SBR1、SBR2各个生化过程的反应时间 ,解决了两段SBR系统的自动控制问题 ,可以使系统长期稳定运行 ,保证出水水质 ,节约能耗 .采用实时控制策略 ,并控制系统温度在 3 0℃左右 ,可将SBR2的硝化反应控制在亚硝酸型硝化结束 .采用该工艺处理石化废水 ,COD去除率达到 90 %～ 95 % ,3 0℃时的比硝化反应速率达到 0 3kg(NH4 N) (kg(MLSS)·d) ,出水已检测不出氨氮和硝态氮     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

造纸干粉和糠醛渣对盐碱地小麦生长的影响

文章通过在江苏省东台市黄海原种场布置田间试验,研究施用造纸干粉和糠醛渣对滨海盐碱地土壤的调理改良作用及对小麦生长的影响。与对照相比,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣处理土壤pH均显著降低(P<0.05),而土壤全N含量也显著提高(P<0.05),其中施加造纸干粉处理土壤全K含量显著提高(P<0.05),而施加糠醛渣处理土壤全P含量显著提高(P<0.05)。施加造纸干粉处理小麦地上部和地下部生物量分别提高了49%和93%,平均产量由117 g/m2提高到158 g/m2;而施加糠醛渣处理小麦地上部和地下部生物量则分别显著提高了169%和176%(P<0.05),平均产量亦显著提高至361 g/m2(P<0.05)。此外,对照处理小麦籽粒过高的全P含量(5.5 g/kg)与过低的全K含量(3.2 g/kg)在施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣后均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。结果表明,施加造纸干粉和糠醛渣均可缓解盐碱胁迫对小麦生长及籽粒品质的影响,其中糠醛渣的调理效果优于造纸干粉。     

pH和络合剂对五价锑在水钠锰矿和水铁矿表面吸附行为的影响

研究了pH和络合剂对Sb(Ⅴ)在水钠锰矿和水铁矿表面吸附性能的影响.结果表明,水钠锰矿和水铁矿对Sb(Ⅴ)有良好的去除效果,初始pH显著影响水钠锰矿和水铁矿对Sb(Ⅴ)的去除效率.随着初始pH值的降低,水钠锰矿和水铁矿对Sb(Ⅴ)的去除率显著增加.在初始pH 5.0时,Sb(Ⅴ)的去除率、吸附速率和吸附量要优于pH 7.0和9.0.Sb(Ⅴ)在水钠锰矿和水铁矿表面的吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型.在初始pH 5.0时,Langmuir模型可以较好地描述Sb(Ⅴ)在水钠锰矿和水铁矿表面的吸附过程.柠檬酸和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)两种络合剂显著抑制了Sb(Ⅴ)在水钠锰矿和水铁矿表面的吸附效果.     

自然水体生物膜对铜(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

以董铺水库为水源、天然纯棉绳为人工基质培养生物膜,研究了附着在棉绳表面上的自然水体生物膜吸附Cu和Cd的热力学和动力学特征及pH对吸附性能的影响.通过对实验数据进行非线型拟合,发现生物膜对2种重金属的吸附均符合Freundlich(F)和Langmuir(L)吸附等温式,对2种金属的吸附能力顺序是:Cu＞Cd.生物膜对Cu和Cd的吸附在数小时内可达到平衡,吸附过程符合二级动力学特征.通过调节吸附液的pH值,研究了不同pH对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,随着pH的升高,2种金属的吸附量明显增加.