施用磷石膏对碱化土壤氟含量及其吸附特性的影响

通过室内培养试验和田间试验就施用磷石膏对土壤氟含量和土壤对氟吸附特性的影响进行了研究．结果表明，经连续４年施用磷石膏改良土壤后，０—２０ｃｍ土层全氟积累现象明显．但是，土壤水溶性氟含量却随磷石膏施用量增加而降低．土壤对氟的吸附数据均能与Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ，Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｉｌｉｃｈ和Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程很好地拟合，施用磷石膏处理土壤对氟的最大吸附量高于没有施用磷石膏处理的．影响土壤水溶性氟含量和吸附特性的主要因素可能是土壤钙含量的增加和ｐＨ值的降低．     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

三峡库区典型林分土壤呼吸及其组分对模拟酸雨的响应

为研究酸雨对森林土壤呼吸的影响,于2016年1月～2017年4月在重庆缙云山三峡库区针阔混交林内选取3块样地,设置了断根与不断根两组处理,每组处理设置pH为4. 5(对照)、4. 0、3. 25和2. 5共4个梯度的模拟酸雨处理.试验观测模拟酸雨下土壤总呼吸与异养呼吸变化特征及土壤温度、土壤湿度,同时采集土样,研究土壤pH、碳氮比及细根生物量对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,土壤总呼吸与异养呼吸均表现出了季节变异趋势.不断根样方的CK、T4. 0、T3. 25和T2. 5处理的年均土壤呼吸速率分别为1. 89、1. 88、1. 75和1. 74μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),断根样方的RCCK、RCT4. 0、RCT3. 25和RCT2. 5处理的年均土壤呼吸速率分别为1. 37、1. 32、1. 19和1. 08μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).季度平均土壤总呼吸与异养呼吸在2016年7月前差异不显著(P 0. 05),2016年10月后差异均显著(P 0. 01)并呈现对照 pH4. 0 pH3. 25 pH2. 5. 2016年的累积土壤呼吸量T4. 0、T3. 25和T2. 5处理相比对照分别降低3. 89%、9. 64%和11. 24%,RCT4. 0、RCT3. 25和RCT2. 5处理相比对照分别降低6. 79%、13. 23%和25. 56%.与对照相比,模拟酸雨处理降低了异养呼吸占比,降低程度随着酸雨pH增加而加强,说明了酸雨对于异养呼吸的抑制超过了自养呼吸.模拟酸雨处理虽然增加了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,但是对土壤温度与湿度无显著影响(P 0. 05); 2016年10月之后相比对照模拟酸雨处理显著增加了土壤碳氮比、降低了细根生物量.土壤呼吸与细根生物量有显著正相关关系,与土壤碳氮比有显著的负相关关系.土壤温度与水分对模拟酸雨下土壤呼吸的差异贡献不大,细根生物量与碳氮比是酸雨处理下呼吸差异的主要影响因素.     

铝盐最佳混凝形态及最佳pH范围研究

本文从理论上分析了铝盐的水解聚合过程,预测了铝盐混凝过程进行时的最佳混凝形态及最佳ｐＨ范围,并且通过实验手段分析说明了铝盐的最佳混凝形态,混凝特征及最佳ｐＨ范围,得到了较为一致的结果。     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的动力学研究

实验表明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化在温度20℃、初始pH值6.87条件下对硝基苯的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型,该条件下单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺对硝基苯的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的氧化作用,同时证明了不同体系温度（10～40℃）和溶液初始pH值（3.00～10.96）下硝基苯的降解同样符合一级反应动力学.2种工艺对硝基苯的降解反应速率都随着温度的升高而增加,单独臭氧氧化的反应速率常数由0.37×10^-3 s^-1升高到1.49×10^-3 s^-1,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化的反应速率常数由0.56×10^-3 s^-1升高到2.46×10^-3 s^-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小.随着pH的升高,单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯降解的反应速率常数从0.15×10^-3 s^-1增加到2.69×10^-3 s^-1,在pH值3.00～9.23范围内,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺反应速率常数从0.17×10^-3 s^-1增加到1.90×10^-3 s^-1,在pH为10.96时反应速率常数下降到1.64×10^-3 s^-1.     

浙中典型富硒土壤区土壤硒含量的影响因素探讨

通过对浙江省中部典型富硒土壤区的系统调查研究,总结了影响土壤硒含量的主要因素.结果表明,地质背景对土壤硒含量有控制作用,汤溪组、之江组和金华组分布区的土壤硒含量明显高于其他地质背景区.研究同时发现,土地利用方式对土壤硒的迁移富集有不可忽视的影响,旱地土壤比水田土壤更易富集硒元素.由于土壤有机质对硒的吸附与固定作用,致使其成为影响硒含量的重要因素之一.除此之外,研究认为土壤质地也是影响土壤硒含量的重要因素,土壤中黏粒含量越多,越黏重,硒含量往往较高.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

土壤风化速率的实验测定

利用模拟淋溶实验测定了中国几种土壤（砖红壤，赤红壤，红壤，黄棕壤和紫色土）的风化速率，并研究了土壤pH值和降水量对土壤风化速度的影响，结果表明，土壤的风化速度在pH≥4时随pH值的下降而显著增加，但是当pH值低于4时，风化速率却急剧下降，造成这种现象的原因可能是在低pH值时盐基阳离子和铝离子大量溶出，过高的产物浓度限制了风化反应的进行。土壤的风化速度与淋溶速率之间近似成线性关系。用淋溶液pH值和淋溶液量两个因素对实验结果进行了校正。     

污水处理系统剩余污泥碱处理融胞效果研究

研究了碱处理对污水生物处理系统剩余污泥的融胞效果及其影响因素.结果表明,碱处理能够使污泥细胞中有机物溶出,成为溶解性物质,从而使污泥液相的溶解性化学需氧量增加.pH值高于11.0时,污泥的絮体和细胞2种结构被破坏,而pH值低于11时,仅能破坏其絮体结构.碱处理过程中,起作用的是OH^-离子,但同时加入的金属离子也会影响污泥融胞的效果.碱处理能减小污泥的重量,VS的最大去除率可达48.01%(TS约为40.40%,pH值13.0左右时).污泥粒径随着碱处理pH值的升高而减小.污泥浓度、pH值和处理时间均是影响碱处理效果的重要因素,正交试验表明,在高pH值下,污泥浓度越高,碱处理污泥融出的SCOD总量越多,但折算为相同pH值下,单位污泥融出的SCOD基本不变.     

铅蓄电池厂污染土壤中重金属铅的清洗及形态变化分析

以我国西南某铅蓄电池厂区内不同污染负荷的铅污染土壤为研究对象,对其中铅含量和形态进行分析,并利用不同清洗剂清洗进行筛选.对不同pH条件下铅的清洗效率和铅形态进行分析,并对不同粒径土壤进行不同时间清洗以确定最佳清洗时间.结果表明,厂区内A和B点土壤污染严重,分别达到15 703.22 mg.kg-1和1 747.78 mg.kg-1,活动态铅比例较大,残渣态仅占17.32%、11.64%、14.6%和10.2%.EDTA、盐酸、柠檬酸、鼠李糖脂和SDS这5种清洗剂中EDTA和盐酸的提取效果最好.酸性条件下的清洗不仅能有效地提取铅总量并能有效地减小铅活动态的环境风险,建议pH 4～7最为合适.粗沙粒和细沙粒的清洗效果较好,清洗粉黏粒建议改进工艺,清洗时间定为240 min效果最好.