亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂方法优化

对水中阴离子表面活性剂的测定方法做了一些改进,将水样调节为酸性后进行分析测定,用优化后方法和国标方法作比较,对标准样品和同一水样进行测定分析,实验结果表明:优化后的方法操作步骤简单,标准曲线的线性关系、精密度和准确度与国标方法无显著性差异,各项指标均达到了方法规定的要求,可以满足日常环境监测的需要。     

克山县降水污染现状分析

在克山县设置5个监测点位,监测克山县2011年6月-2012年5月的降水状况。结果表明,克山县区降水pH值基本呈中性,酸雨出现频率为6.9%,酸雨主要出现在雨量大的降水中。     

水体中2,6-二溴酚光降解行为研究

溴酚是一类天然水体中广泛存在的有机污染物。为进一步研究溴酚在水体中的光化学行为,该研究以2,6-二溴酚为模型化合物,系统研究了其在模拟太阳光照射下水体中的光降解,并考察初始浓度、pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)及NO2-等因素对降解速率影响。实验结果表明,在模拟太阳光照射下,2,6-二溴酚能够快速发生降解反应。其中,光降解速率随初始浓度的降低及pH值的增加而增大,并且Fe(Ⅲ)或NO2-的存在能显著提高2,6-二溴酚的光降解速率。同时,液相色谱高分辨质谱LC-TOF-MS对2,6-二溴酚光解产物的分析结果表明,2,6-二溴酚经过光化学降解,主产物为一种单溴代二羟基苯。     

贵州省典型污染区土壤重金属的污染特征分析

为了解贵州省不同来源典型污染区土壤重金属的污染特征,为重金属污染防治提供科学依据,对贵阳市、六盘水市、毕节市、都匀市等11个研究区耕地土壤进行调查,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对189个土壤样品的Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb等6种重金属进行测定,并运用聚类分析和主成分分析等方法对结果进行分析。结果表明:开阳县金中镇土壤污染最轻,综合污染因子为0.897,属于磷质石灰岩地球化学背景下Cd较高的土壤类型;处于轻度污染水平的研究区是贵阳市青岩镇二关村、白云区曹官村、花溪区久安乡和清镇市后午;受污灌影响,贵阳市乌当区土壤已处于中度污染水平,特征污染因子是Cd;水城县倮摩村、赫章县野马川、大湾镇安乐村、幸福村和都匀市坝固村分别受到铅锌矿和煤矿开采的影响,属重度污染区,坝固村由于存在独立镉矿床,镉单项污染因子为77.88,综合污染指数达到56.22。主成分分析结果显示,研究区内重金属Cd和Cu是背景值较高的典型元素,Zn、Pb是铅锌矿区污染较重的元素,而Cr和As是外源叠加较严重的重金属元素。研究区内表层土壤以酸性为主,土壤重金属与pH值没有明显相关性,主要受到污染源强度的影响,以污染源为中心,呈现辐射状递减的分布特征。     

不同储存条件下餐厨垃圾的变化特征及其厌氧消化产气潜力

餐厨垃圾在储存、运输过程中容易腐败变质,对其资源化利用有一定影响。考察了不同条件下储存时餐厨垃圾pH和细菌总数的变化规律,研究了室温以及5℃条件下,不同储存时间的餐厨垃圾的厌氧发酵产气潜力。结果表明:随储存温度的降低,餐厨垃圾pH值的下降趋势有所减缓,在5℃条件下,8 h内可使餐厨垃圾的pH维持在6.0以上;15℃下餐厨垃圾储存8 h以内,细菌总数小于1.0×10~6cfu/g。室温(30℃)新鲜垃圾的累积产气量最高,达到1 422 mL。在5℃下储存4 h内的餐厨垃圾,其厌氧发酵累积产气量与新鲜餐厨垃圾的产气结果相当,而在5℃下储存8 h时,产气量与新鲜垃圾相比下降了3%,之后,随着储存时间的延长,累积产气量逐渐下降。     

Immobilization of nitrite oxidizing bacteria using biopolymeric chitosan media

The effects of chitosan characteristics including the degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, particle size, pH pretreatment and immobilization time on the immobilization of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) on biopolymeric chitosan were investigated. Nitrite removal efficiency of immobilized NOB depended on the degree of deacetylation, particle size, pH pretreatment on the surface of chitosan and immobilization time. Scanning electron microscope characterization illustrated that the number of NOB cells attached to the surface of chitosan increased with an increment of immobilization time. The optimal condition for NOB immobilization on chitosan was achieved during a 24-hr immobilization period using chitosan with the degree of deacetylation larger than 80% and various particle size ranges between 1-5 mm at pH 6.5. In general, the NOB immobilized on chitosan flakes has a high potential to remove excess nitrite from wastewater and aquaculture systems.     

Spatial and seasonal variability of CO2 flux at the air-water interface of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Difusive carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions from the water surface of the Three Gorges Reservoir, currently the largest hydroelectric reservoir in the world, were measured using floating static chambers over the course of a yearlong survey. The results showed that the average annual CO2 flux was(163.3 ± 117.4) mg CO2/(m2·hr) at the reservoir surface, which was larger than the CO2 flux in most boreal and temperate reservoirs but lower than that in tropical reservoirs. Significant spatial variations in CO2 flux were observed at four measured sites, with the largest flux measured at Wushan(221.9 mg CO2/(m2·hr)) and the smallest flux measured at Zigui(88.6 mg CO2/(m2·hr)); these diferences were probably related to the average water velocities at diferent sites. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux were also observed at four sites, starting to increase in January, continuously rising until peaking in the summer(June-August) and gradually decreasing thereafter. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux could reflect seasonal dynamics in pH, water velocity,and temperature. Since the spatial and temporal variations in CO2 flux were significant and dependent on multiple physical, chemical,and hydrological factors, it is suggested that long-term measurements should be made on a large spatial scale to assess the climatic influence of hydropower in China, as well as the rest of the world.     

徐州市城区土壤pH值分布特征研究

利用地统计学方法结合GIS空间分析技术,对徐州市城区表层土壤(0¹0 cm)pH的空间变异特征进行了深入研究。结果表明,土壤pH变幅为6.4710 cm)pH的空间变异特征进行了深入研究。结果表明,土壤pH变幅为6.47⁸.48,不同区域差异较大。数据组服从正态分布,半方差函数的最佳理论模型为球状模型,块金系数为21%,变程9 500 m。由市中心向外,土壤pH呈低-高-低变化。自然因素对土壤酸碱度起主导作用,但人为因素的影响已较为明显。     

pH值对红壤和黄土中铊的吸附-解吸特征的影响

研究了不同pH条件下红壤和黄土对毒害重金属铊的等温吸附-解吸行为,结果表明,Tl+在红壤和黄土中的吸附量均受pH值影响明显。红壤中,在pH=2时吸附量最小,吸附率为3%,吸附量和吸附率随着pH的升高而增加,在pH=10时,吸附量为89.93 mg/kg,吸附率为61.3%;黄土中,pH从4增加到6时,吸附率增加明显,从14%骤升至71.2%,pH=10时,最大吸附量为139.67 mg/kg,吸附率最大为83.8%。红壤和黄土的吸附都符合Langmuir和Temkin方程。解吸过程中,pH=2时,红壤和黄土的解吸率最高,并且解吸率随着初始浓度的增加而增大,最大分别达到78.6%和85.2%,同等条件下,黄土的解吸率高于红壤;在pH=4～10,红壤的解吸有一定的滞后现象,而黄土解吸量随吸附量的增加近似线性增加,无明显滞后现象。     

快速求解pH平均值

论述了pH的概念及重要性,求解pH平均值的步骤和公式,列举了在EXCEL中求解pH平均值的几种方法并做了比较,给出了自定义函数求pH平均值的代码并说明了使用方法。