不确定背景值下浅水湖泊沉积物重金属生态风险评价

基于安徽某湖泊沉积物柱状样重金属实测含量,研究了各类重金属的垂向变化趋势及来源;采用拉丁超立方抽样方法随机产生已知范围内的重金属背景值,计算沉积物重金属综合潜在生态风险水平,研究其结果不确定性,评价湖泊沉积物重金属污染程度.结果表明,沉积物重金属的含量及综合潜在生态风险水平沿深度方向呈逐渐降低的趋势,上层沉积物存在较高的综合潜在生态风险;不确定性评价方法可以在沉积物垂向上得到沉积物重金属综合潜在生态风险水平的包络面,不确定性的结果可以给出综合潜在生态风险超出风险阈值的可信度和特定置信度下的综合潜在生态风险指数置信区间;90%置信度下两个沉积物采样点上层重金属综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）的置信区间分别为340.08~412.89和271.61~327.67,处于重度综合潜在生态风险水平阈值附近的评价结果让不同风险偏好的决策者在面临修复、清淤等决策时可以做出符合自身预期的决策.     

耦合发酵产氢尾液处理的微生物电化学系统研究

区别于传统的稀释或加缓冲剂调节pH值的方法,本文提出采用微生物电解池（MEC）电调控暗发酵尾液pH值,并进一步采用微生物电合成系统（MES）降解废液产甲烷.结果表明,在MEC处理产氢暗发酵尾液过程中,伴随着阴极侧氢气的产生,暗发酵尾液中大量H⁺被消耗,溶液pH值从4.5升高到8.7;随后在MES中,产氢发酵尾液中有机物被进一步降解产生甲烷,其平均产甲烷速率达到4.5mmol/（L·d）,且在21d内化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到89%,远优于没有经过pH调控的产氢发酵尾液MES中的产甲烷性能.     

典型肥料生产场地氨氮分布特征及风险控制目标确定

为探究肥料生产场地的NH₃-N（氨氮）分布特征及环境风险,以我国某肥料生产场地为研究对象,在场地调查基础上,对场地土壤和地下水NH₃-N的空间分布进行分析,并以人体健康和场地地下水为保护对象分别讨论了土壤NH₃-N风险控制目标值的计算方法.结果表明:①目标场地土壤中w（NH₃-N）为0.03~15 000 mg/kg,水平方向上高值区集中分布于核心生产区及原辅料堆场,垂向上总体表现为由上至下随深度增加呈先逐步升高后降低的趋势,并且富集于人工填土与原状粉质黏土交界处,粉质黏土阻碍NH₃-N向下迁移,并随地层结构变化其迁移深度不同.②场地上层滞水和潜水中ρ（NH₃-N）分别为19.10~3 320和0.03~219 mg/L,超标率分别为100%和57.89%,并且地下水与土壤的NH₃-N在水平空间分布上具有重叠特征.③因NH₃-N主要通过呼吸吸入挥发性气体产生暴露,并且仅有经呼吸暴露的毒性参数,故采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》中经呼吸暴露途径的非致癌效应风险控制值计算模型来计算土壤NH₃-N的控制目标,通过代入场地实测土壤K_d（土-水分配系数）,得到居住用地下的土壤NH₃-N控制目标值为9 195 mg/kg;若考虑保护地下水水质安全,据三相或两相平衡模型耦合NH₃-N在包气带衰减和地下水稀释作用,当目标场地地表无积水的入渗条件下得到的控制目标值为6 203 mg/kg;当地层从上至下呈饱和含水条件时,土壤NH₃-N控制目标为811 mg/kg.计算值可用作不同场地进行土壤NH₃-N风险管控的参考目标,实际应用中可结合不同地块环境条件、不同受体和保护目标,选择相应的风险控制值对场地进行风险管控.此外,土壤和地下水的NH₃-N污染控制均可考虑采用工程措施和制度控制来进行.      

农业灌溉用水经济价值及其影响因素——基于剩余价值法和陕西关中地区农户调研数据

灌溉水经济价值是农业用水定价的重要基础。根据陕西关中地区农户调研数据,采用剩余价值法计算得到小麦、玉米和苹果灌溉水经济价值均值分别为0.66 元/m³、0.84 元/m³、3.17 元/m³。以该结果作为水价调整上限与现状水价比较,小麦和玉米的水价上调空间介于0.24~0.71元/m³,苹果的水价调整空间介于2.72~3.04 元/m³之间。使用分位数模型对影响因素的研究发现：（1）仅在灌溉水经济价值较低时,农户和家庭特征以及土地分散程度有显著影响;（2）在灌溉水经济价值较高时,增强农户节水意识以及加入用水者协会将能有效提升灌溉用水经济价值;（3）粮食转为经济作物、进行农业水价综合改革在所有分位点上均呈显著正向影响。本文可为研究区域农业用水分类定价及改善用水效率提供参考。     

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between aqueous solution and modeled individual soil particle grain sizes

The significance of soil mineral properties and secondary environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and time in the partitioning of eight selected polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB) congeners between aqueous solution and soil particles with different grain sizes was studied. The mineral properties of a model soil sample were determined, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) adsorption–desorption isotherms were employed to observe the surface characteristics of the individual modeled soil particles.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption of PCBs onto soil particles of different sizes. The results revealed that the sorption of PCB congeners onto the soil was dependent on the amount of soil organic matter, surface area, and pore size distribution of the various individual soil particles. Low pH favored the sorption of PCBs,with maximum sorption occurring between pH 6.5 and 7.5 with an equilibration period of 8 hr.Changes in the ionic strength were found to be less significant. Low temperature favored the sorption of PCBs onto the soil compared to high temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the partition coefficient(K_d) decreased with increasing temperature, and negative and low values of ΔH° indicated an exothermic physisorption process. The data generated is critical and will help in further understanding remediation and cleanup strategies for polluted water.     

华南某市生活垃圾组成特征分析

依据城市生活垃圾采样分析方法对华南某市20个街镇生活垃圾的物理性质和物理组成进行历时一年的研究.结果表明,研究区域垃圾平均容重为0.22×103kg·m-3,垃圾三组分(水分、灰分和可燃物)所占比例分别为55.0%~66.9%、18.6%~30.3%、69.7%~81.4%,有机质含量比例为50.1%~58.0%,各研究区镇垃圾热值范围为6 570~9 652 k J·kg-1,平均热值为8 272 k J·kg-1,高于世界银行推荐的垃圾焚烧所需最低热值(7 000 k J·kg-1).其它物理组分所占比例分别如下:厨余类为39.8%~53.3%,橡塑类为16.5%~33.4%,纸类为5.61%~7.95%,纺织类为1.14%~5.16%,竹类为2.49%~5.12%,玻璃类为1.10%~1.47%,混合类5.86%~7.57%,灰土类2.46%~6.73%,金属0.1%~0.32%,陶瓷0.4%~0.69%.相关分析和主成分分析结果表明纺织类、橡塑类、纸类、可燃物比重对焚烧有促进作用,厨余类、玻璃类、容重、灰分、含水率、灰土等则对焚烧有一定的负影响.     

The interrelationships between resource-holding potential,resource-value and reproductive success in territorial males: How much variation can we explain?

A long-standing hypothesis in behavioural ecology posits that males with greater resource-holding potential (RHP) control resource sites deemed more valuable by sexually-receptive females and, thereby, males controlling such sites accrue greater reproductive success (RS). This hypothesis has historically been investigated using three separate but non-mutually exclusive relationships (male RHP vs. resource value, resource value vs. male RS and male RHP vs. RS). The relationships between these three variables are predicted to be strongly positive, however, due to measurement error and biological noise, perfect correlations (r = 1.0) are rare in biology even for well-established relationships. Moreover, the inaccurate identification of either the male trait(s) important to RHP or the resource characteristic sought by females will weaken the observed strength of the relationships. Here, I use meta-analysis to quantitatively describe the general pattern of these relationships in animals. I predict that the relationships between male RHP, resource-value and RS should be significantly positive (male RHP and resource-value should explain a large amount of the variation in male RS). My meta-analysis supports this hypothesis; however, in the best case scenario only ca. 20% of the variation in the response variable was explained. I conclude by identifying areas in which we need to improve our investigations of resource-defence animals and recommending approaches to meet these needs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effect of water pH and total dissolved solids on the species diversity of pelagic zooplankton in lakes: A statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of the combined influence of lake surface area (S), water pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the formation of zooplankton communities in lakes has been made on the basis of available data on the number of species (N _sp ) of pelagic zooplankton in 256 lakes of the temperate zone of Europe, Asia, and North America. Graphic analysis and analysis of variance have shown that extremely high or extremely low values of pH and TDS inhibit lake zooplankton. If the value of one of these factors is extremely high, any increase in the other factor is favorable for the inhibited zooplankton, and this second factor determines the value of N _sp .     

Characteristics of microorganisms isolated from technogenic soils of the Kama region

Microorganisms capable of degrading monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several chlorinated aromatic compounds were isolated from soils polluted with industrial waste from chemical plants. They were identified as representatives of the genera Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Cellulomonas, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium. Among them, bacteria capable of utilizing xenobiotics in a wide range of ambient temperatures and pH and in the presence of high sodium chloride concentrations were revealed.