采用生物滴滤塔处理高浓度有机废气的试验性应用

生物滴滤塔处理高浓度有机废气直接在应用工程中进行试验,气体停留时间20s,通过控制pH值及盐度等措施,当进气浓度低于600mg/L时,处理效率能达到80%以上。     

复合光合细菌处理抗生素废水的影响因素研究

采用接触氧化反应器,通过低负荷法成功培养驯化复合光合细菌。并研究了进水COD浓度、pH值、水力停留时间、复合菌配比(光合细菌:活性污泥)对复合光合细菌的影响,通过正交及对比实验确定各因素的最佳控制条件。结果表明:复合光合细菌处理抗生素废水在pH=8.0,HRT=48h,复合菌配比为1∶1时,反应达到最佳状态,进水COD为6000mg/L,出水COD去除率达80.7%。     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

高硫抗生素废水连续处理系统的pH调控特征研究

以批量处理系统的pH调控特征为对照,研究了不同pH水平(7.0、5.1、4.1)对高硫抗生素废水微好氧连续处理效果和污泥中细菌和酵母菌含量的影响.结果表明,随着曝气柱pH水平的降低,高硫抗生素废水连续处理系统3阶段的COD去除率分别为53%、42%、45%,BOD5去除率分别为79%、58%、50%,污泥脱氢酶活性(TF/MLSS.t)分别为47 088、10 506、14 390mg/(g.h).扫描电镜和荧光原位杂交-流式细胞术联用技术检测结果表明,曝气柱pH值变化并不影响连续小试3阶段污泥中细菌与酵母菌含量,并且细菌始终占据优势地位(含量均达到98%以上).pH水平对高硫抗生素废水批量处理系统和连续处理系统的处理效果存在同样的影响,pH水平并不能作为高硫抗生素废水连续处理系统中细菌和酵母菌含量的调控手段.     

模拟酸雨对不同pH值土壤农田系统暗呼吸的影响

为研究酸雨对不同pH值土壤农田系统呼吸的影响,选择酸性(pH 5.48)、中性(pH 6.70)、碱性(pH 8.18)水稻土,以冬小麦为实验对象在2005~2007年期间进行了盆栽实验.种植期间利用雨水T1(pH 6.0)、T2(离子浓度为T1的2倍,pH 6.0)、T3(离子浓度为T1的2倍,pH 4.4)进行喷淋,并采用静态暗箱-气相色谱技术测定农田系统暗呼吸速率.结果表明,酸雨通过影响农作物的呼吸过程而对农田系统暗呼吸产生影响,且农田系统可适应酸雨污染.2005~2006年,酸雨提高了碱性土壤(S3)农田系统平均暗呼吸速率,S3T3分别比S3T1、S3T2高23.6%2、7.6%(p<0.05),但对酸性土壤(S1)和中性土壤(S2)农田系统平均暗呼吸速率无显著影响(p>0.05).在3~4月,雨水离子浓度升高可促进酸性土壤农田系统暗呼吸,雨水pH值降低可抑制酸性土壤农田系统暗呼吸.结果证实,在酸雨对农田系统暗呼吸影响过程中,土壤酸碱性、农作物发挥了重要作用.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

一株芽胞杆菌和一株黄杆菌代谢芘的摄取方式解析

通过溶剂萃取、薄层色谱和紫外分光光度法研究了一株芽胞杆菌CN2和一株黄杆菌CN4在初始pH=6.00的条件下对芘的降解过程.研究表明:芘降解液的pH值随降解时间向中性波动变化;用牛肉膏蛋白胨培养出的CN2菌体表面具有亲水性,CN4菌体表面具有疏水性,CN2表面疏水性在芘的降解过程中随时间有变大的趋势,CN4表面疏水性在芘的降解过程中随时间有变小的趋势;从芘降解的整个过程看,大部分时间CN2的降解比CN4的快,CN4菌体捕获的芘量比CN2要大,尤其在接种刚开始的一段时期较为明显;细胞表面、细胞壁中、细胞内部均有芘富集迹象,其中细胞表面富集的芘最多.根据试验结果推测,在菌株对芘的降解过程中吸附和降解同时发生;菌体对芘首先通过表面吸附或其它方式结合,随后溶人细胞壁中,跨过细胞膜进入细胞内被降解;这个传质过程很可能不是连续的,而是由细菌控制的主动的间歇的动态过程.     

奥运期间北京大气降水酸化趋势及湿沉降来源探讨

分析了2008年8月奥运期间北京大气降水的理化特征,并与往年同期的降水特征进行了比较,进而深入研究了北京1997~2008年大气降水酸化趋势及湿沉降变化.研究结果发现：北京奥运期间大气污染控制措施的实施改善了北京的空气质量,并影响了降水离子构成;地壳源排放的减少降低了大气降水酸化缓冲能力,降水中Ca2+离子浓度比例降低,大气降水明显酸化;与往年相比,2008年8月北京大气降水表现为全市区域酸化趋势,湿沉降量也明显增加,这与北京近地面环境空气质量明显改善并不一致.此外,监测数据统计显示：近10年来北京空气质量的改善并没有降低北京大气降水湿沉降量,而且北京降水离子构成异于近地面主要大气污染物PM10.因此,近地面大气污染直接排放可能并不是北京降水湿沉降的唯一来源.夏季北京降水以偏南气流为主,而且存在由南向北的大气污染输送层,外来污染输送及区域性大气污染汇聚成为北京大气降水湿沉降的重要来源,但是否为北京大气降水湿沉降的主要来源需进一步研究证实.     

Influence of organic amendments on the sorption of pentachlorophenol on soils

The influence of pH on the sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) onto three organic amendments, char, humic acid (HA) and peat, and the effect of organic amendments on PCP sorption to three kinds of soils were evaluated. The sorption of PCP on these sorbents fitted the Freundlich model well, suggesting that PCP sorption isotherms were nonlinear with exponential coefficient (N) value lower than 1. The PCP sorption capacity on three organic amendments and the N values increased with decreasing pH. The sorption capacities were in the order: char > HA > peat. Organic amendments resulted in an enhancement of sorption capacities of soils. The N values of PCP sorption on soils were decreased by char amendment and increased by HA and peat amendments. This study demonstrated that application of traditional organic amendments led to the enhancement of PCP sorption by soils. This information may aid both in predicting environmental fates of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds and in developing remediation strategies for them.     

生物沥浸法去除不同初始pH值猪粪中的重金属

试验研究了不同初始pH值下猪粪中Cu、Zn和Cd的生物沥浸效果,结果表明猪粪生物沥浸对初始pH值的要求并不严格,具有较广的适用范围。猪粪粪液即使在初始pH值为8的弱碱性条件下,其pH值也可随沥浸时间快速降低,生物沥浸12天降到1.37,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可达到90.76%、97.97%和80.45%。初始pH值对重金属的沥浸速率有一定影响,降低初始pH值可以缩短生物沥浸周期,重金属的沥浸周期受不同初始pH值的影响程度从大到小依次为:CuZnCd。初始pH值为5的猪粪粪液可以在9天内完成生物沥浸,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可达到93.83%、99.24%和70.98%