Physical and Sanitary Quality of Hand-Dug Well Water from Oil-Producing Area of Nigeria

The physical (pH, Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, conductivity, water depth temperature) and bacteriological (Total coliforms, Faecal coliforms) characteristics of 22 hand-dug wells in oil-rich Niger Delta of Nigeria were investigated. All coliforms counts (Log₁₀ MPN/100 ml) varied from well to well ranging from 0 to 6.0 although faecal coliform counts were markedly lower (0–3.5 vs 1.0–6.0). When both seasons were compared, faecal coliform counts were significantly higher (t test; P < 0.05) during the wet season whereas no significant difference was observed in respect of total coliforms. Unlike the total coliforms, faecal coliform counts increased in wells close to septic tanks during the wet season. Although a declining trend was observed during the wet season, the values of the physical parameters were within WHO limits. The pH was slightly acidic (Mean ± SD: dry season, 6.04 ± 0.66; wet, 6.43 ± 0.62) and may be attributed to emissions from gas flaring and petroleum refining activities, which is common in the area. While the total coliform counts reflected the unsanitary habits of the well users, the detection of faecal coliforms exceeding recommended numbers in 63% of the wells render them unfit for domestic use. The public health implication is obvious considering the increasing number of people using the wells due to the rapid urbanization of the oil-rich region.     

Impacts of simulated acid rain on cation leaching from the Latosol in south China

Acid rain is a problem of increasing agricultural, environmental, and ecological concerns worldwide. This study investigated impacts of simulated acid rain (SAR) on cation leaching from the Latosol in south China. Latosol is an acidic red soil and occurs in the tropical rainforest biome. Laboratory experiments were performed by leaching the soil columns with the SAR at a pH range from 2.5 to 7.0 over a 21-day period. A linear increase in effluent K⁺ concentration was found at the SAR pH 3.0, whereas an exponential decrease in effluent Na⁺ concentration was observed at all levels of the SAR pH. In general, leaching of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from the Latosol increased as the SAR pH decreased. There was a very good nonlinear correlation between the removal of soil K⁺ and the SAR pH (R² = 0.91), a good nonlinear correlation between the removal of soil Mg⁺² and the SAR pH (R² = 0.83), a fairly good nonlinear correlation between the removal of soil Ca⁺² and the SAR pH (R² = 0.56), and no correlation between the removal of soil Na⁺ and the SAR pH (R² = 0.06). Our study further revealed that the removal of soil cations such as K⁺, Ca⁺², and Mg⁺² can be quantified by the quadratic polynomial equations. In addition, impacts of the SAR on cation leaching depended not only on the SAR pH but also on the original soil pH.     

不同酸碱条件下光合细菌的生长产氢特性

为了解光合细菌的产氢机理,对沼泽红假单胞光合产氢菌CQK-01在光生物平板反应器中进行序批次培养,以470 nm LED灯提供连续光照,葡萄糖为碳源底物,研究不同初始酸碱条件下产氢光合细菌的生长特性、产氢特性以及能量转化效率.结果表明,在弱碱性条件下最适宜产氢光合细菌的生长;在反应液为酸性条件下,光合细菌具有较高的产氢量、产氢速率和能量转化效率,然而产氢纯度随着初始pH值的增大而升高;在温度30℃、光照强度1 000lx、底物浓度75 mmol/L的实验条件下,光合细菌的最佳产氢pH值为7.0,实验中最大累积产氢量为8.0 mmol,最大产氢速率为3.39 mmol g-1(cell dry weight)h-1,产氢纯度高达70%,底物能量转化效率最大为1.98%,光能转化效率最大为7.7%.     

咪唑乙烟酸在东北地区四种代表性土壤中的吸附特征

采用批量平衡法,研究了除草剂咪唑乙烟酸在东北地区4种代表性土壤中的吸附特征.试验结果表明,Freundlich等温式最适合描述咪唑乙烟酸在土壤中的吸附行为,4种土壤对咪唑乙烟酸的吸附能力大小顺序为:黑土>水稻土>盐碱土>白浆土.咪唑乙烟酸的吸附常数Kf与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关.经过过氧化氢去除土壤有机质后,4种土壤...     

Modeling effects of toxin exposure in fish on long-term population size, with an application to selenium toxicity in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

A primary goal in ecotoxicology is the prediction of population-level effects of contaminant exposure based on individual-level response. Assessment of toxicity at the population level has predominately focused on the population growth rate (PGR), but the PGR may not be a relevant toxicological endpoint for populations at equilibrium. Equilibrium population size may be a more meaningful endpoint than the PGR because a population with smaller equilibrium size is more susceptible to the negative effects of environmental variability. We address the individual-to-population extrapolation problem with modeling utilizing classical mathematical theory. We developed and analyzed a general model applicable to many freshwater fish species, that includes density-dependent juvenile survival and additional juvenile mortality due to toxicity exposure, and we quantified effect on equilibrium population size as a means of assessing toxicity. Individual-level effects are typically greater than population-level effects until the individual effect is large, due to compensatory density-dependent relationships. These effects are sensitive to the recruitment potential of a population, in particular the low-density first-year survival rate S_b. Assuming high S_b could result in underestimating effects of population-level toxicity. The equilibrium size depends directly on S_b, the reproductive potential, the toxin concentration at which mean mortality is 50% (LC₅₀), and the rate at which individual mortality increases with increasing toxin concentration. More experimental data are needed to decrease the uncertainty in estimating these parameters. We then used existing data for selenium toxicity in bluegill sunfish to parameterize a simulation version of the model as an example to assess the effects of environmental stochasticity on toxicity response. Effects of environmental variability resulted in simulated extinctions at much lower toxin concentrations than predicted deterministically.     

博乐市降水酸度特征初探

根据博乐市2005—2010年降水数据,对酸雨发生的原因进行了分析。分析结果表明：博乐市地形适合水汽输入,存在远距离污染物跨境传输和产生连续大降雨的条件,使其境内产生酸雨的可能性加大;酸雨发生在冬季采暖期,且NO3^-浓度比未发生酸雨时略高;另外,博乐市属北方干旱区城市,土壤偏碱性,降水总体为偏弱碱性特点不变。除以上主...     

铈锰改性生物炭对土壤As的固定效应

利用高温热解法在600℃下制备铈锰改性生物炭(modified biochar,MBC),以3种基本性质差异较大的砷(As)污染红壤、黄壤和紫色土为研究对象,探讨了MBC的施用对土壤活性As的影响及固定效应.结果表明:改性生物炭(MBC)的施用导致3种土壤中水溶态As含量显著降低,随着施用量的增加,MBC对As的固定效率不断升高,当添加量为1%～10%时,MBC对3种土壤中活性As的固定效率为:红壤70. 59%～94. 72%,黄壤75. 24%～98. 35%,紫色土为76. 53%～99. 61%,在MBC添加量为10%时,其对3种土壤中有效As的固定效率均达到了95%以上,而未改性生物炭的施用则导致土壤As的活化效应明显.比较而言,MBC对3种土壤中有效As的固定效率大小排序为:紫色土黄壤红壤,MBC的施用导致了土壤中活性态As向稳定态转化,发生了由非专性吸附(F1)、专性吸附态(F2)向结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态(F4)和残渣态(F5) As的转化过程,使得土壤中As的迁移性能降低,根据扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线衍射分析(XRD)的结果,MBC对As的固定作用与生物炭上铈锰氧化物的成功负载有关.因此,MBC对As污染土壤表现出良好的应用修复潜力.     

基于pH调控的城市污泥厌氧发酵产酸小试研究

本研究设计了热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵污泥处理工艺,探究了p H对热碱预处理污泥产酸性能的影响,同时对发酵液作为碳源回用于污水厂强化脱氮除磷进行了质量衡算.在30 L厌氧发酵罐中考察了偏中性(p H=6.5)和碱性(p H=10.0)条件下热碱预处理污泥发酵的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生及分布、蛋白质及碳水化合物的消耗和氮磷释放情况.结果表明,污泥热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵工艺的VFA产量稳定,在p H为6.5和10.0的条件下,发酵罐中平均VFA产率分别为333.29 mg·g-1(以每g VS产生的COD(mg)计,下同)和250.64 mg·g-1,p H为6.5时产酸更稳定,且产量较高,但碱性条件更适合产乙酸.两种p H条件下的SCOD、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、氮和磷的释放都无较大差异.质量衡算结果表明,以处理量为50000 m3·d-1的城市污水处理厂为例,其产生的污泥经过热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵产酸工艺,产生的VFA能够满足该污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造的碳源需求.     

pH对氢基质自养微生物还原降解对氯硝基苯的影响

在建立的一种MBfR(氢基质生物膜反应器)中系统考察pH对氢基质自养微生物还原降解p-CNB(对氯硝基苯)的影响,并重点分析pH影响下p-CNB、p-CAN(对氯苯胺)、NO-3-N(硝酸盐)和SO2-4(硫酸盐)的去除效率、通量及当量电子转移通量的变化趋势.结果表明,pH在5.7~8.7之间变化时对硝基还原、还原脱氯、反硝化和硫酸盐还原过程影响显著.氢基质自养微生物生长较适宜的pH范围为6.7~8.2,其中硝基还原、还原脱氯、反硝化和硫酸盐还原的最佳pH分别是7.7、8.2、7.2和7.2.当量电子转移通量分析表明,反硝化和硫酸盐还原对pH变化的敏感性均强于p-CNB还原.为了维持较高水平的p-CNB、NO-3-N和SO2-4同步去除效率,可将pH调控在7.2~8.2之间.适当地调节pH有利于微生物的生长以及控制中空纤维膜表面矿物质沉淀引起的膜污染.     

残留过氧化氢对微波-过氧化氢-碱预处理后污泥水解酸化的影响

前期研究发现,由于残留过氧化氢的影响,经过微波-过氧化氢-碱MW-H2O2-OH(p H=10)预处理的污泥进行水解酸化时存在产酸滞后期.因此,本研究通过批量试验,考察了残留过氧化氢对MW-H2O2-OH(p H=10和p H=11,MHO10和MHO11)预处理后污泥水解酸化的影响.结果表明,过氧化氢酶比二氧化锰具有更高效率的过氧化氢分解能力,能够在10 min内完全降解过氧化氢.水解酸化的8 d时间内,四组试验的SCOD(溶解性COD)浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,优化水解时间均为0.5 d;MHO10组、MHO10+过氧化氢酶组(MHO10C)和MHO11+过氧化氢酶组(MHO11C)的优化水解酸化时间均为3 d,MHO11组的优化水解酸化时间为4 d.残留过氧化氢对MHO10预处理后污泥的水解酸化有抑制作用,存在产酸滞后期.与MHO10预处理相比,MHO11预处理释放的SCOD提高了19.29%,释放了更多的有机物,进而显著提高了总VFA产量,5 d时总VFA产量显著提高了84.80%,且MHO11组可以轻微缩短产酸滞后期.投加100mg·L-1过氧化氢酶,明显缩短解除了MHO10组和MHO11组0.5 d的产酸滞后期,并提高了总VFA产量,3 d时,MHO10C组、MHO11C组的总VFA浓度分别比MHO10组提高了23.61%、50.12%.MHO10组、MHO10C组和MHO11C组VFA的主要组分均为乙酸、异戊酸、正丁酸,而MHO11组VFA的主要组分为乙酸、丙酸、异戊酸,在各组的优化水解酸化时间,3种主要的VFA组分之和均占总VFA的75%以上,其中乙酸所占比例均在41%以上.