Occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during tasks at ground or floor level at 110 kV substations in Finland

The aim was to investigate occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during tasks at ground or floor level at 110?kV substations in Finland and to compare the measured values to Directive 2013/35/EU. Altogether, 347 electric field measurements and 100 magnetic field measurements were performed. The average value of all electric fields was 2.3?kV/m (maximum 6.4?kV/m) and that of magnetic fields was 5.8?µT (maximum 51.0?µT). It can be concluded that the electric and magnetic field exposure at ground or floor level is typically below the low action levels of Directive 2013/35/EU. The transposition of the directive will not create new needs to modify the work practice of the evaluated tasks, which can continue to be performed as before. However, for workers with medical implants, the exposure may be high enough to cause interference.     

华北稻田灌溉水多级表面流强化人工湿地工程系统设计研究

以河北曹妃甸水稻田为研究对象,分析测定灌溉水样中SS、COD和氨氮的含量并依据有关国家标准确定其污染程度。根据当地农业生产条件、工程地质与农田环境特点及不同治理方案的经济技术可行性,选用由工程保障和植物生态系统构成的多级表面流强化人工湿地系统修复灌溉水有机污染,并对其修复效果进行量化评价。结果表明:研究区内稻田灌溉水SS、COD、NH3-N 3种污染物的浓度削减率依次为76.17%、60.02%、55.08%,出水达到农田灌溉水质标准和地表水Ⅴ类水质要求。人工湿地系统的建立不仅改善灌溉水水质,保证农产品质量,还有效恢复了湿地的生态功能,实现环境与经济效益的统一。     

Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes

Nitrogen(N) runoff from paddy fields serves as one of the main sources of water pollution. Our aim was to reduce N runoff from paddy fields by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In northeast China, Shuangcheng city in Heilongjiang province, a field experiment was conducted, using rice provided with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,and 100% of the local norm of fertilization(including N, phosphorus and potassium), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume, concentrations of total N(TN),dissolved N(DN) and particulate N(PN) of runoff water were measured. We found that the local norm of fertilization led to 18.9 kg/ha of N runoff during rice growing season, with DN accounting for 60%–70%. We also found that reduction in fertilization by 20% cut down TN runoff by 8.2% while AMF inoculation decreased N runoff at each fertilizer level and this effect was inhibited by high fertilization. The combination of inoculation with AMF and 80% of the local norm of fertilization was observed to reduce N runoff by 27.2%. Conclusively, we suggested that the contribution of AMF inoculation combined with decreasing fertilization should get more attention to slow down water eutrophication by reducing N runoff from paddy fields.     

工频磁场诱导人FL细胞膜EGF的受体聚簇及噪声磁场的干预

为了研究50Hz工频磁场对人源细胞膜表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)的受体聚簇现象的可能诱导作用及噪声磁场的干预,将人羊膜细胞FL(human amniotic cells)分别用EGF、不同强度(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4mT)工频磁场、噪声磁场、工频磁场和噪声磁场叠加的复合场处理15 min后,用间接免疫荧光染色法标记,并用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞膜表皮生长因子(EGF)的受体的聚簇现象.结果表明,0.1、0.2、0.4mT工频磁场辐照FL细胞15 min可诱导细胞膜EGF的受体发生聚簇,但0.05mT工频磁场辐照时,细胞膜不出现EGF受体的明显聚簇.0.2mT噪声磁场则不能诱导细胞膜EGF受体的聚簇;当0.2mT噪声磁场与0.1、0.2mT工频磁场叠加后,可抑制工频磁场诱导的细胞膜EGF受体聚簇,但不能完全抑制0.4mT工频磁场诱导的细胞膜EGF受体聚簇.研究结果表明,一定强度的工频磁场能诱导细胞膜EGF受体的聚簇;其作用阈值在0.05～0.1mT之间;噪声磁场对工频磁场诱导膜受体聚簇的干预作用存在剂量-效应关系.     

稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放及其影响因素

采用静态箱(暗箱)-气相色谱法对稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放进行田间原位测量.植株参与的稻田CO2排放季节变化与温度的季节变化一致,气温(土温)是主要驱动因子;而土壤水分状况是稻田CH4、N2O排放和无植株参与的稻田CO2排放季节变化的主要驱动因子.稻田非淹水期N2O和CO2排放与土温、气温呈极显著指数正相关(p＜0.001),两气体之间亦呈极显著线性正相关关系(p＜0.001).水稻植株自养呼吸和土壤呼吸的温度系数(Q10)分别为2.17和1.68.稻田CO2排放与水层深度呈弱的负相关关系(p＜0.05).无植株参与的稻田CO2、CH4和N2O季节平均排放速率分别为198.35±34.00mg/(m2·h),0.63±0.29mg/(m2·h)和169.57±75.30μg/(m2·h),而在植株参与下3者季节平均排放速率分别为1133.51±51.16 mg/(m2·h),1.39±0.20mg/(m2·h)和231.48±35.09μg/(m2·h).碳收支模拟计算结果表明,稻田生态系统表现为对大气中碳的净吸收.     

覆草旱作稻田CH4和N2O的排放

通过田间试验比较水稻覆草旱作常规施氮肥、覆草旱作推荐施氮肥和常规水作水稻全生育期内稻田土壤微量气体的排放.结果表明,旱作稻田N2O排放总量比水作稻田高1.5~3.7倍,在旱作覆草处理中常规施肥N2O排放较推荐施肥高2.4倍.水作稻田CH4排放总量比旱作稻田多5~6倍,而两旱作处理间差异不显著.水作稻田CH4的排放与水稻生育期关系密切,以分蘖盛期的2.2mg/(m2h)为最大;旱作稻田CH4的排放与施氮关系不明显.施氮是影响旱作稻田N2O排放的关键因素,每次施氮后,旱作稻田均会出现剧烈的排放高峰.水稻不同栽培方式的增温潜势的高低顺序为:覆草旱作常规施氮肥>常规水作>覆草旱作推荐施氮肥.     

基于物种敏感性分布法的毒死蜱对稻田生态系统生态风险评价

生物敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)是一种基于单物种测试和概率统计学的、较高级的外推风险评估方法。该方法在国内外均被广泛应用于各种污染物风险评价中。本文选取了采用logistic和normal这2种SSD分布模型,分析了国内外毒死蜱对3组水生生物组合的毒性数据;并且获得各自SSD的HCx值。3组毒性数据分别为:浙江稻田水生生物组,长三角地区水生生物组和美国水生生物组。浙江稻田水生物SSD分布的HC5为:0.32μg·L~(-1)(logistic模型)和0.35μg·L~(-1)(normal模型);HC10为1.50μg·L~(-1)(logistic模型)和1.26μg·L~(-1)(normal模型);HC20为8.13μg·L~(-1)(logistic模型)和5.96μg·L~(-1)(normal模型);HC50为145.44μg·L~(-1)(logistic模型)和115.74μg·L~(-1)(normal模型)。据此判断水稻种植季节,稻田水域毒死蜱对食蚊鱼、鳑鲏、泽蛙蝌蚪、轮虫、常见腹足类和双壳类软体动物以及绝大多数藻类等的风险较小。利用冗余分析研究了生物物种数量、物种组成结构和拟合模型对HCx影响。结果表明:物种组成结构对HCx有较为明显的影响。具体表现为对毒死蜱较为敏感物种数量与HCx存在明显的负相关性;对毒死蜱不敏感的物种则与HCx呈现正相关性。     

沈阳地区水田主要杂草种群的消长动态及生态位分析

对沈阳地区水田主要杂草群落的种类组成、消长动态规律及其生态位的研究结果表明 :沈阳地区水田杂草群落主要由稗 (Echinochloacrusgalli)、大狼把草 (Bidensfrondosa)、耳基水苋 (Ammanniaarenaria)、丁香蓼 (Lud wigiaprostrata)、牛毛毡 (Eleocharisacicularis)、鹅肠菜 (Myosotonaquaticum)、风花菜 (Rorippaislandica)和石胡荽(Centipedaminima)组成 ,其中 ,稗、大狼把草、丁香蓼和耳基水苋为主要危害种群 ;从时间、水平和垂直生态位宽度值来看 ,稗和大狼把草为本地区水田杂草群落中的优势种群 ,且 2者的生态位重叠值较高 ,若单独使用杀稗类除草剂 ,必然会导致大狼把草等阔叶杂草的猖獗和蔓延     

川中丘陵区稻田甲烷排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区冬水田和水旱轮作稻田进行全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,水旱轮作稻田和冬水田CH4排放的季节变化峰值都出现在水稻生长中期,且都有1个典型的排放峰。分析讨论了温度、水稻生物量、耕作制度以及水稻栽培方式等因素对稻田CH4排放的影响。发现川中丘陵水稻生长季节5cm深处地温与稻田CH4排放通量呈显著正相关;水稻植株生长对CH4排放有重要作用;水旱轮作稻田CH4排放通量比冬水田低54.1%～65.1%;冬水田水稻采用强化栽培方式既可提高产量又可减少CH4排放。     

稻田土壤磷淋失潜力与磷积累的关系

了解稻田土壤磷积累对排水和渗漏液中磷浓度的影响,可为稻田磷素淋失预测提供依据.采用室内模拟方法,研究稻田土壤Olsen-P水平与土壤溶液中磷质量浓度之间的关系.结果表明,土壤溶液中磷质量浓度随土壤Olsen-P水平增加而增加,其中,黏土、壤黏土和壤土的Olsen-P超过临界值(分别为84、65和53 mg·kg-1)后,土壤溶液中磷质量浓度显著增加.土壤Olsen-P水平较低时,黏土、壤黏土和壤土的土壤磷素积累与排水和渗漏液中磷质量浓度之间的关系较为相近,这3类土壤溶液中磷质量浓度与土壤Olsen-P水平存在线性相关关系.而砂土溶液中无明显临界值,砂土溶液中磷质量浓度与土壤Olsen-P水平间也存在线性相关关系.相同Olsen-P水平时,砂质土壤磷淋失潜力明显高于其他土壤.