“双杂”间作稻在开发冬水田中的效果

四川省中稻→冬水田近2000万亩,集中分布于盆地丘陵区,资源丰富。为发挥它的增产潜力,将中稻改为“双杂”间作稻,增产极显著。其中威优49间汕优63,双行间作,早稻科距8cm、窄行15cm、宽行49cm 中嵌插2行晚稻的小区,亩产728.0～776.9kg,比同田毗邻的汕优63中稻增产31.4%～45.0%,增加纯收入56.46元,为丘陵区中稻→冬水田的合理利用开辟了一条很好的途径。     

Predicting herbicides concentrations in paddy water and runoff to the river basin

This study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern and runoff of herbicides to the river basin from the paddy fields. Pesticide paddy field model(PADDY) was applied to predict herbicide concentration in paddy fields. A field study was conducted in a paddy farm of Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan in the year of 2003 paddy season. The herbicides were mefenacet, thiobencarb, and bensulfuron methyl. The sample water was analyzed by using gas chromatography and HPLC after solid phase extraction. Predicted dissipation rate of thiobencarb in paddy water was higher( DT50=4.36) than that measured, with a lower k value(-0.069). Two weeks after application no thiobencarb was detected in the drainage channel and down stream. In the down stream, thiobencarb was detected until 3d after application, with a range of 0.02% to 0.08% of applied herbicide. The predicted dissipation rate(k) and half-life (DT50) of mefenacet was not significantly different from that of measured. In the drainage channel, upstream and downstream mefenacet was found during the whole study period. In downstream, the maximum concentration of mefenacet was present 0.6l % of applied in the paddy field on 3DAH. The dissipation rate(k) of BSM varied from -0.0860 to -0.1059 to with half-life(DT50) 3.5 and 2.84 d. In upstream water, no BSM was detected except trace amounts(0.01μg/L) at 3d after application. However, in the drainag echannel 8%, 6% and 1.58% of applied BSM was present at 0, 1 and 3 d after application respectively. In the down stream, the highest concentration was 1.06%, shortly after application.     

Effects of butachlor on microbial enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor(n-butoxymethl-chloro-2‘,6‘-diethylacetnilide)on microbial respiration,nitrogen fixation and nitrification,and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil.The results showed that after application of butachlor with concentrations of 5.5μg/g dried soil,11.0μg/g dried soil and 22.0μg/g dried soil,the application of butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations.The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0μg/g dried soil of butachlor.The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by cutachlor.The soil respiration was depressed within a period from several days to more than 20 days,depending on concentrations of butachlor applied.Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.     

上海郊区稻田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验，研究了上海郊区稻田氮素排水流失和渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明，稻田综合排水TN为6.55mg／L，流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2，以铵态氮为主，稻田氮素的排水流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2。稻田渗漏水氮浓度与前茬作物有关，草莓和蔬菜高，麦茬低，TN为5．73mg／L，渗漏负荷为22．92kg／hm^2，其中硝态氮占50％左右。稻田氮素总流失负荷占稻季化肥用量的13．23％。测坑和大田试验都证明，施用有机肥可较多地减少稻田氮素流失量。     

模拟酸化下水稻土微团聚体Cu2+吸附与解吸的影响

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区水稻土(黄泥土)微团聚体颗粒,用平衡液吸附法和CaCl2与HCl溶液的连续解吸法研究了它们在pH2～6范围内pH对Cu2 的静电吸附和专性吸附的影响。结果表明,不同粒径的微团聚体颗粒对Cu2 的吸附等温线可都用Freundlich模型来描述。Cu2 吸附量大小以下序递减,粘粒级、砂粒级、粉砂级、粗粉砂级;吸附量受其中游离氧化铁、氧化铝和有机质含量的控制。吸附量随pH升高而增加。低pH条件下利于静电吸附,吸附过程H 减少使平衡液pH上升;高pH条件下主要是专性吸附所控制,释放H 使平衡液pH下降。     

紫色土稻田磷素淋失特征及其对地下水的影响

采用原状土壤渗漏计在水稻生育期定期采集不同土壤剖面深度的渗漏水,研究了在不同施磷水平下水稻生育期磷素淋失动态和渗漏淋失量及其对地下水的潜在影响,并分析了土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素渗漏量之间的关系,旨在为紫色土区稻田磷肥的合理施用和控制磷对地下水污染提供科学依据.结果表明,在水稻生长期紫色土的磷素渗漏整体呈下降趋势.前期磷素渗漏淋失量高且变幅较大,在施磷后第5d各土层渗漏水中磷素浓度最高;施肥60 d后稻田磷素渗漏淋失负荷显著降低.不同土层和各处理趋于一致.稻田磷素的渗漏淋失受磷肥用量和土壤性质的影响,随着磷肥用量的增加稻田磷的渗漏淋失量增加,3种类型紫色土磷素渗漏淋失量为中性紫色土>钙质紫色土>酸性紫色土.施磷(P2O5)90～180kg·hm-2处理,40cm土层渗漏水中磷的平均浓度在中性、钙质、酸性紫色土上分别为0.13～0.142 mg·L-1、0.097～0.131mg·L-1和0.083～0.109mg·L-1,比不施磷处理高33.1%～38.7%、24.7%～44.3%和34.9%～50.4%,在60cm和100cm深处也有相似的特征.3种类型紫色土的土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素渗漏淋失量之间符合指数关系.渗漏水中磷素浓度随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低.淹水种稻初期是磷向下迁移最强和淋失量最高的时期,3种紫色土在施肥后的60d内对地下水质量产生潜在不良影响.整个水稻生育期磷渗漏量较低,最高磷渗漏量为0.262kg·hm-2.     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

Nitrous oxide emissions in nonflooding period from fallow paddy fields

The study was conducted to investigate the N2O emissions and dissolved N2O in the leachate during the nonflooding period in nongrowing paddy fields.Three kinds of paddy soils were repacked to soil columns and were supersaturated with water initially and dried gradually in a greenhouse to attain the N2O emissions flux during the incubation.Soils with the texture of silty clay-loam (Q and H) produced cracks during the drying of soil,but soil with the texture of silty loam (X) did not form the cracks.Cracked s...     

2种组配改良剂修复镉砷复合污染稻田土壤的研究

将2种复合改良剂LI(碳酸钙+铁粉)和HI(羟基磷灰石+铁粉)施加于镉、砷复合污染稻田土壤,设置投加比例分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1,通过分析熟化后土壤的p H值、毒性浸出(TCLP提取态)镉、砷含量及交换态镉和砷含量,研究了复合改良剂同时固定这两种污染元素的效果.结果表明,施加LI使土壤p H值提高了0.60~1.21,降低了土壤TCLP提取态镉、交换态镉含量,以及TCLP提取态砷和交换态砷含量;与对照相比,配比为2∶1的LI使土壤TCLP提取态镉含量降低了60.97%,效果较好;配比为1∶2和1∶1的LI分别使TCLP提取态砷含量降低了29.81%、29.85%;配比为1∶2的LI使交换态砷含量降低了55.18%.施加HI同样提高了土壤的p H值(升高了0.51~0.73),同时降低了土壤中97.05%~98.09%的TCLP提取态镉含量,效果显著;施加HI略微提高了土壤TCLP提取态砷含量,但却略微降低了土壤交换态砷含量.在本实验条件下,综合考虑土壤中镉和砷的稳定化效果,LI的效果明显好于HI.其中,从TCLP提取态镉和砷含量来评价,2∶1的LI施用效果最佳;从交换态镉和砷含量来评价,1∶2的LI施用效果最佳.     

Fe (Ⅱ)对反硝化过程及其功能微生物群落的影响

以华南稻田土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟控制实验,研究了Fe （Ⅱ）对厌氧稻田土壤中反硝化过程及其功能微生物群落结构组成与相对丰度的影响.结果表明,加入Fe （Ⅱ）减缓了土壤中NO₃^-的还原,但促进了NO₂^-的还原和N₂O的生成;同时Fe （Ⅱ）只在Soil+Fe （Ⅱ）+NO₃^-处理中发生氧化.通过定量PCR结果发现,Fe （Ⅱ）的加入提高了亚硝酸盐还原基因nirS和N₂O还原基因nosZ的拷贝数;但降低了细胞膜硝酸盐还原基因narG的拷贝数.通过高通量和克隆文库分析发现,Fe （Ⅱ）的加入主要对napA-周质硝酸盐还原微生物群落结构有明显影响,Soil+NO₃^-处理中优势菌是Dechloromonas,而Soil+Fe （Ⅱ）+NO₃^-处理中为Azonexus、Dechloromonas和Azospira.Fe （Ⅱ）对厌氧稻田中的反硝化过程及其功能微生物群落具有显著影响,这对了解华南红壤地区稻田体系中的氮元素循环与铁元素转化的关系具有重要意义.