pH和添加有机物料对3种酸性土壤中磷吸附-解吸的影响

研究了pH和添加有机物料对红壤、砖红壤和水稻土中磷吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,砖红壤和水稻土中磷的吸附量和解吸量均随pH的升高而降低,pH对红壤中磷吸附和解吸的影响很小。土壤阳离子交换量(CEC),铁、铝氧化物含量和有机质含量是影响磷吸附的主要因素。红壤的CEC和有机质含量很低,铁、铝氧化物含量高,因而对磷的吸附量最高。砖红壤和水稻土CEC较高,土壤表面对磷的排斥作用较大,而且较高含量的有机质覆盖了土壤表面的磷吸附位,因此这2种土壤对磷的吸附量低于红壤。添加稻草并进行恒温培养可使红壤和水稻土对磷的吸附量显著减少,但对砖红壤中磷吸附的影响较小。添加稻草使土壤磷的解吸量和解吸率增加,从而增加了土壤中吸附性磷的活性。     

几种有效硅测定方法对不同母质水稻土的适宜性研究

本研究以湖北省十二种典型母质发育的水稻土为对象，比较了常见几种土壤有效硅提取方法对不同母质水稻土的适宜性．研究结果表明，ｐＨ４．０酸－醋酸钠提取法对性质相差较大的不同母质水稻土的测定，不仅能反映土壤性状对有效硅含量的影响，而且测定精密度高，与其它有效硅测定方法比较，在缺硅诊断中可适用于较为广泛的水稻上类型．     

Nitrous oxide emission and reduction in a laboratory-incubated paddy soil response to pretreatment of water regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isagreenhousegas.IncreasingatmosphericN2 Oconcentrationmayalsobedetrimentaltothestratosphericozonelayer(Crutzen ,1981) .AgriculturalsoilisamajorsourceofN2 O .MostN2 Ooriginateswithsoilprocesses,asanintermediateproductfrommic…     

湖南省典型地区水田土壤锑和砷元素纵向迁移行为分析

为探讨锑(Sb)和砷(As)在土壤中的纵向迁移行为及其差异,采集湖南省典型地区水田土壤20个剖面共100个样品,对水田土壤中Sb和As的含量、垂直分布特征及其纵向迁移行为差异进行研究,为湖南省水田土壤环境影响评价和污染防控以及进一步探寻Sb和As环境行为和来源提供科学依据。结果表明：水田土壤Sb和As含量分别为1.61±1.79 mg/kg和13.48±6.57 mg/kg; Sb在表层土壤富集,Sb随深度的增加含量逐渐下降,As在土壤剖面中累积明显,随深度的增加含量逐渐上升。两者相比,As元素在水田土壤周期性氧化还原过程中淋溶释放更强烈,其纵向迁移能力也更强。Sb和As在土壤中表现不同氧化还原性质是影响其纵向迁移行为的主要因素,土壤理化性质及成土母质也在一定程度上影响了Sb、As的纵向迁移。     

基于多源辅助数据和神经网络模型的稻田土壤砷空间分布预测

合适的方法和多源的辅助数据对于准确预测土壤重金属的空间分布具有重要意义.该研究提出一种径向基函数神经网络结合普通克里格法的模型(RBFNN_OK),由主成分分析(PCA)提取的地形因子、遥感数据和邻近信息等多源辅助数据作为自变量,预测江西省都昌县稻田土壤砷空间分布.为验证RBFNN_OK的可行性:首先在全县范围内采集144个稻田表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品,运用ArcGIS地统计模块随机抽取115个(80%)采样点作为测试集,29个(20%)采样点作为验证集.其次多源辅助数据包括地形因子、遥感数据和邻近信息等14个定量因子作为预测变量,将预测变量进行主成分分析,得到前10个主成分的累积贡献率达到97.62%.再次一个特定的RBFNN_OK被用来预测土壤砷空间分布.最后将RBFNN_OK模型的预测结果与径向基神经网络模型(RBFNN)、回归克里格模型(RK)和多元逐步线性回归模型(MSLR)进行比较.结果表明,RBFNN_OK的测量值标准偏差与均方根误差的比值(RPD)较其它3种方法分别提高了14.92%、35.71%和44.67%.此外,RBFNN_OK还提供了更加真实且有关土壤砷空间分布的细节信息.RBFNN_OK取得最优效果可能归因于引入多源辅助数据,考虑多源辅助数据和土壤砷之间的多重共线性和非线性关系.该方法可为稻田土壤砷调查与环境保护提供更为精准的信息.     

不同施肥处理对红壤丘陵区水稻土养分状况的影响

研究依托千烟洲生态站,利用1998年建立的红壤稻田长期定位施肥试验,研究不同施肥处理对水稻土土壤碳及养分的影响。结果表明:①施用有机肥有利于提高土壤碳、 氮、 磷含量,土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量达到16.8 g·kg^-1,全氮(TN)含量达到1.5 g·kg^-1,速效氮(AN)含量达到153.8 mg·kg^-1,速效磷(AP)含量达到43.3 mg·kg^-1,而土壤速效钾(AK)含量仅达到23.0 mg·kg^-1,低于施用化肥的各个处理;②施用氮、 磷、 钾肥减缓了红壤水稻土酸化趋势,显著增加土壤AP(12.3~47.1 mg·kg^-1)、 AK(22.3~54.5 mg·kg^-1)含量;③秸秆还田可以提高稻田红壤SOC(10.8 g·kg^-1)、 TN(1.1 g·kg^-1)含量。因此,建议在红壤稻田施入适量有机肥,提倡秸秆还田,提高土壤碳含量,同时配合施用钾肥,满足作物对养分的需求;化肥、 有机肥施用量需要考虑其对水体氮、 磷污染的潜在风险。     

Prospects for Restoring the Biodiversity of Steppe Vegetation: Sowing of Perennial Grasses

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Methane emissions from rice fields under continuous straw return in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A three-year experiment was conducted in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China to study the influence of continuous wheat straw return during the rice season and continuous rice straw return in wheat on methane (CH 4 ) emissions from rice fields in which, the rice-wheat rotation system is the most dominant planting pattern. The field experiment was initiated in October 2009 and has continued since the wheat-growing season of that year. The analyses for the present study were conducted in the second (2011) and third (2012) rice growing seasons. Four treatments, namely, the continuous return of wheat straw and rice straw in every season (WR), of rice straw but no wheat straw return (R), of wheat straw but no rice straw return (W) and a control with no straw return (CK), were laid out in a randomized split-plot design. The total seasonal CH 4 emissions ranged from 107.4 to 491.7 kg/ha (2011) and 160.3 to 909.6 kg/ha (2012). The increase in CH 4 emissions for treatments WR and W were 289% and 230% in the second year and 185% and 225% in the third year, respectively, in relation to CK. We observed less methane emissions in the treatment R than in CK by 14%-43%, but not statistically significant. Treatment R could increase rice productivity while no more CH 4 emission occurs. The difference in the total CH 4 emissions mainly related to a difference in the methane flux rate during the first 30-35 days after transplant in the rice growing season, which was caused by the amount of dissolved oxygen in paddy water and the amount of reducible soil materials.     

不同碳负荷梯度下稻田土壤有机碳矿化特征

易利用态有机碳是土壤微生物的重要碳源,影响土壤有机碳的矿化和累积过程,而易利用态碳源的输入量尤其是相对于土壤微生物生物量碳的不同输入负荷,对土壤有机碳的矿化影响机制尚不明确.因此,本研究采取室内模拟培养实验,选择不同浓度梯度添加[0. 5、1、3、5倍微生物量碳(MBC)]~(13)C-葡萄糖,分析葡萄糖-C的矿化特征及其激发效应.结果表明,葡萄糖-C矿化率随着外源碳添加量的增加而显著增加;葡萄糖-C向快库、慢库分配的比例也分别与碳添加量呈指数关系(R~2=0. 99,P 0. 05和R~2=0. 99,P 0. 05).在高添加量处理(3×MBC、5×MBC)中,葡萄糖的添加抑制土壤原有有机碳的矿化,即表现出负激发效应;而在低添加量处理(0. 5×MBC、1×MBC)中,表现为正激发效应,60 d培养结束后累积激发效应分别为160. 0 mg·kg~(-1)和325. 1 mg·kg~(-1).相关性分析结果表明在培养实验前期,累积激发效应主要受MBC、MBN和DOC的影响,而在后期主要β-葡糖苷酶、几丁质酶和铵态氮的影响.因此,稻田土壤有机碳矿化和激发效应与易利用态有机碳添加的碳负荷密切相关,并通过微生物量和酶活性调控土壤碳的矿化过程.本研究对于揭示稻田有机碳累积行为与推动农业可持续发展具有重要的科学意义.     

Electric Field Prediction for a Human Body-Electric Machine System

A system consisting of an electric machine and a human body is studied and the resulting electric field is predicted. A 3-phase induction machine operating at full load is modeled considering its geometry, windings, and materials. A human model is also constructed approximating its geometry and the electric properties of tissues. Using the finite element technique the electric field distribution in the human body is determinedfor a distance of 1 and 5 m from the machine and its effects are studied. Particularly, electric field potential variations are determined at specific points inside the human body and for these points the electric field intensity is computed and compared to the limit values for exposure according to international standards.