湖水中磷形态的生物有效性

本文采用化学分析将湖水中的磷划分为七种形态：总磷（ＴＰ）、总反应磷（ＴＲＰ）。总溶解磷（ＴＳＰ）、溶解反应磷（ＳＲＰ）、溶解的水解性磷（ＳＨＰ）、溶解的光解性磷（ＵＶＳＲＰ）以及颗粒磷（ＰＰ）。为了确定生物有效磷，把湖水灭菌后再接入羊角月芽藻进行试验，研究了湖水中各种磷形态对羊角月芽藻最大生长量的影响。结果表明：当湖水中磷含量大于１００μｇ／ｌ时，藻的最大生长量与大多数磷形态有较好的相关性（ｎ＝１     

Natural pollution caused by the extremely acidic crater lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia

Background. Aims and Scope Lakes developing in volcano craters can become highly acidic through the influx of volcanic gases, yielding one of the chemically most extreme natural environments on earth. The Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java (Indonesia) has a pH 〈 0.3. It is the source of the extremely acid and metal-polluted river Banyupahit (45 km). The lake has a significant impact on the river ecosystem as well as on a densely populated area downstream, where agricultural fields are irrigated with water with a pH between 2.5 and 3.5. The chemistry of the river water seemed to have changed over the past decade and the negative effect in the irrigation area increased. A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the altered situation and to get insight in the water chemistry and the hydrological processes influencing these alterations. Moreover, a first investigation of the effects of the low pH on ecosystem health and human health was performed. Methods Water samples were taken at different sites along the river and in the irrigation area. Sampling for macroinvertebrates was performed at the same sites. Samples of soil and crop were taken in the irrigation area. All samples were analysed for metals (using ICP-AES) and other elements, and concentrations were compared to local and international standards. Results and Discussion The river carries a very high load of SO4, NH4, PO4, Cl, F, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al and other potentially toxic elements. Precipitation and discharge data over the period of 1980 – 2000 clearly show that the precipitation on the Ijen plateau influences water chemistry of the downstream river. Metal concentrations in the river water exceed the concentrations mentioned in Indonesian and international quality guidelines, even in the downstream river and the irrigation area. Some metal concentrations are extremely high, especially iron (up to 1600 mg/l) and aluminium (up to 3000 mg/l). The food-webs in the acidic parts of the river are highly underdeveloped. No invertebrates were present in the extremely acid water and, at pH 2.3, only chironomids were found. This also holds true for the river water with pH 3.3 in the downstream area. Agricultural soils in the irrigation area have a pH of 3.9 compared to a pH of 7.0 for soils irrigated with neutral water. Decreased yields of cultivated crops are probably caused by the use of Al containing acid irrigation water. Increased levels of metals (especially Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) are found in different foodstuffs, but still remain within acceptable ranges. Considering local residents” diets, Cd levels may lead to an increased risk for the human health. Fluoride exposure is of highest concern, with levels in drinking water exceeding guideline values and a lot of local residents suffering from dental fluorosis. Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook In short, our data indicate that the Ijen crater lake presents a serious threat to the environment as well as human health and agricultural production.     

中国富营养化湖泊的生物修复

描述了中国湖泊富营养化污染现状 ,论述了湖泊富营养化形成的机理、生物修复富营养化湖泊 (尤其是去除水体和底泥碳、氮、磷 )的理论依据 ;提出了修复湖泊富营养化的技术途径 ,阐明了笔者对机械清淤和生物修复各自具有的优势和缺陷的看法。     

青海湖、滇池沿岸土样中某些重金属元素的含量和差异

用AAS法对青海、滨池湖沿岸的土祥中的Cu、Ph、Zn、Ni、Mn等元素进行了测定。对所测定的结果处理和研究表明，滇池土样的5个元素含量均高于青海湖，并也高于全国及云南省的背景值。     

Dynamics of Turbulence in Low-Speed Oscillating Bottom-Boundary Layers of Stratified Basins

This paper focuses on the impact of an oscillating low-speed current on the structure and dynamics of the bottom-boundary layer (BBL) in a small stratified basin. A set of high-resolution current profile measurements in combination with temperature-microstructure measurements were collected during a complete cycle of the internal oscillation (`seiching') in the BBL of Lake Alpnach, Switzerland. It was found that even a relatively long seiching period of 24 hours significantly changed the form of the near-bottom current profiles as well as the dynamics of the turbulent dissipation rate compared to the steady-state law-of-the-wall. A logarithmic fit to the measured current profiles starting at a distance of 0.5 m above the sediment led to inconsistent estimates of both friction velocity and roughness length. Moreover, a phase lag between the current and the turbulent dissipation of 1.5 hours and a persistent maximum in the current profile at a height of 2.5 to 3 m above the sediment were observed. The experimental findings were compared to the results of a k- turbulence model and showed good agreement in general. Specifically, the inconsistent logarithmic fitting results and the observed phase lag were reproduced well by the model.     

长江中下游湖泊富营养化过程的湖泊沉积记录

长江中下游湖群区，历来是人类最活跃的场所，但由于近年来社会经济的迅速发展，湖泊富营养化问题日趋严重，对湖泊湿地变化与湖泊营养盐状况关系的分析是制定湖泊环境整治和生态修复的重要科学依据。长江中游湖泊——龙感湖的湖中心钻孔沉积物中硅藻组合和总磷变化记录了近百年来龙感湖富营养化过程。沉积物中湿地花粉与人湖营养盐关系以及磁化率的分析表明，流域内人类活动对湖周滩地的改造，破坏了湿地植被，助长了人湖物质的增加，湖泊营养相对富集，而流域农业化肥的使用导致了水质的进一步恶化。     

滇池流域水资源调控仿真框架研究

以滇池流域为例，介绍一种利用概化网络进行水资源调控仿真与预测的思路与方法，为流域水资源的宏观调控与管理规划提供决策支持。     

新疆博尔塔拉蒙古族自治州水资源开发利用中的若干问题探讨

本文从宏观角度对博州水资源的开发利用作了详细的研究。通过分析博州现行的水资源利用状况,找出以往开发利用中存在的问题及原因,运用结构分析方法,借助系统动力学(SD)建模手段,构造了博州水资源系统的宏观调控结构分析模型。通过观察和比较模型的输出结果,最后提出以从农业生产中挖潜节水为主攻方向,来解决博州水资源开发利用中现存的各种问题和作为今后制定各种水资源政策的参考。本研究将区域水资源开发利用问题归结为系统宏观控制问题,并在方法上作了一些探索。     

杞麓湖“十五”期间污染底泥环境疏浚工程效益评估研究

对疏浚工程前杞麓湖湖泊生态系统存在的问题进行了深入分析，并在对底泥中污染物释放的原理进行简述的基础上，对底泥疏浚工程效益展开详细的评估，认为底泥疏浚有效地带出湖内污染源，疏浚区水质明显改善，扩大了湖容量，并为湖泊水生态系统恢复创造了适宜的光照条件、底质条件和水深条件，有利于水生态系统的自然恢复，促进湖泊生态系统好转。同时，疏浚底泥的吹填改造了湖周围冷浸田，促进了湖周农田基本建设及农业经济的可持续发展。     

新疆叶尔羌河突发性洪水初步研究

叶尔羌河发源于昆仑山和喀喇昆仑山区,是新疆第三大河。近30年,每2—3年发生一次突发性洪水,给下游人民造成很大灾难。 本文阐述了该洪水的特性,时空分布、演进情势及峰量变化,加之分析气象资料、地质地貌条件,首次提出突发性洪水成因于冰川阻塞湖泄洪,其策源地位于克勒青河上游的克亚吉尔特索湖和特拉木坎力湖。随着冰川的衰退,阻塞湖将逐渐缩小。