巴松措表层沉积物中腐殖酸与富里酸的特性

采用紫外吸收光谱和GC-MS扫描解析,对西藏东南部湖泊巴松措表层沉积物中的腐殖酸和富里酸特性进行研究.结果表明,巴松措表层沉积物中腐殖酸和富里酸的紫外吸光度在200~400nm间较400~800nm间明显增加,富里酸在270nm附近出现弱而钝的双肩吸收,表明其中存在芳香环结构.腐殖酸和富里酸在254nm处的吸光度普遍偏低,表明其中难降解有机物的含量较低.通过紫外吸收特征值（A₄₆₅/A₆₆₅）分析得出,巴松措表层沉积物腐殖酸和富里酸的腐殖化程度较低.在人类活动频繁的区域,腐殖酸和富里酸的腐殖化程度相对于其他区域较高.根据GC-MS扫描解析,匹配度较高物质的分子式为C₁₅H₂₄,分子量为204,其结构中都含有芳香环,且含有脂肪链、不饱和烃、甲基、亚甲基、异丙基、环丙烷、己烷和萘等结构,均属于芳香族化合物,与紫外吸收光谱的分析结果一致.匹配度较高的物质推断属于类色氨酸.     

富营养化湖区CH4排放特征及其影响因素

为明确富营养湖区CH_4排放特征及其影响因素,对太湖梅梁湾湖区和湖心区进行为期1a的观测,分析影响富营养化湖泊CH_4扩散通量时空格局的环境要素.结果表明,太湖不同湖区均表现为大气CH_4的源,但富营养化梅梁湾湖区的CH_4扩散排放量[年均值:0. 140 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1))]要明显高于中营养化湖心区的排放量[年均值:0. 024 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1)],并且在富营养化湖区中,湖岸区的CH_4排放量最高. CH_4通量表现出显著的季节变化:夏季排放量最高,冬季排放量最低,并且季节间的差异可达一个数量级大小.太湖CH_4通量的空间变化与水体DOC浓度显著正相关(R~2=0. 62,P 0. 01),富营养化湖区中较高DOC浓度导致其出现高CH_4排放量.太湖CH_4扩散通量的时间变化受风速和水温等气象因素的驱动,部分水质因子对此有间接影响作用.鉴于湖泊CH_4扩散通量强烈的时空变化以及环境因素巨大的影响,湖泊CH_4排放量准确的估算依赖于较大空间和较长时间的观测.     

Modelling Dissolved Organic Carbon Turnover in Humic Lake Örträsket, Sweden

The organic carbon balance of a lake with high input of allochthonous organic carbon is modelled integrating physical, chemical and biological processes. The physical model captures the behaviour of real thermal stratification in the lake for different flow situations during the period 1993–1997. The dissolved organic carbon model is based on simulated trajectories of water parcels. By tracking parcels, account is kept of environmental factors such as temperature and radiation as well as DOC quality for each parcel. The DOC concentration shows seasonal variations primarily dependent on inflow. The organic matter degradation (bacterial- and photodegradation) in the lake amounts to 1.5–2.5 mg C l^–1 yr^–1, where photooxidation is responsible for approximately 10%. The estimated DIC production in the lake is large compared to sediment mineralisation and primary production. The main conclusion is that the model with the selected parameterisations of the degradation processes reasonably well describes the DOC dynamics in a forest lake.     

浅析松花湖渔业资源保护

通过多年实地调研,认为拦网养殖、湖滩地种植、过度捕捞、沿湖城镇生活污水污染等是渔业资源不断减少主要原因,并根据实际情况提出防治对策。     

Use of Ancient Sedimentary DNA as a Novel Conservation Tool for High‐Altitude Tropical Biodiversity

Conservation of biodiversity may in the future increasingly depend upon the availability of scientific information to set suitable restoration targets. In traditional paleoecology, sediment‐based pollen provides a means to define preanthropogenic impact conditions, but problems in establishing the exact provenance and ecologically meaningful levels of taxonomic resolution of the evidence are limiting. We explored the extent to which the use of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) may complement pollen data in reconstructing past alpine environments in the tropics. We constructed a record of afro‐alpine plants retrieved from DNA preserved in sediment cores from 2 volcanic crater sites in the Albertine Rift, eastern Africa. The record extended well beyond the onset of substantial anthropogenic effects on tropical mountains. To ensure high‐quality taxonomic inference from the sedaDNA sequences, we built an extensive DNA reference library covering the majority of the afro‐alpine flora, by sequencing DNA from taxonomically verified specimens. Comparisons with pollen records from the same sediment cores showed that plant diversity recovered with sedaDNA improved vegetation reconstructions based on pollen records by revealing both additional taxa and providing increased taxonomic resolution. Furthermore, combining the 2 measures assisted in distinguishing vegetation change at different geographic scales; sedaDNA almost exclusively reflects local vegetation, whereas pollen can potentially originate from a wide area that in highlands in particular can span several ecozones. Our results suggest that sedaDNA may provide information on restoration targets and the nature and magnitude of human‐induced environmental changes, including in high conservation priority, biodiversity hotspots, where understanding of preanthropogenic impact (or reference) conditions is highly limited. Uso de ADN Sedimentario Antiguo como una Herramienta Novedosa de Conservación para la Biodiversidad Tropical de Grandes Altitudes     

针对正态样本的模糊综合评价法在巢湖水质评价中的应用

为克服模糊综合法进行水环境质量评价时的主观因素,假设水质指标在一段时间(如1年)内是服从正态分布的随机变量,从而引入概率,得出含义明确的隶属度函数。使用该函数后,评价结果具有足够的敏感度,通过计算综合污染指数,可以对比不同时间或不同水域水质的整体差异。将其应用于巢湖"合肥湖滨"断面9年的水质变化研究,证明了该方法的有效性。     

高原湖泊流域水环境特征与污染防治综合整治研究

在深入分析玉溪市抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖水质现状、污染源贡献、污染成因以及存在问题的基础上,探索基于流域系统的源头削减、过程控制、末端治理相结合的良好型湖泊保护与污染防治型湖泊综合整治的全过程治理思路,提出高原湖泊资源“优先保护、协调发展、限量开发、强化管理”的保护与开发管理全新理念.以经济社会发展与资源环境承载能力相适应为基础,提出适应“大玉溪”新形势发展需求下的高原湖泊流域水环境保护与综合整治措施.     

湖库富营养化状态的快速评价

介绍了实现富营养化评价的EXCEL自定义函数的代码编写、模块保存与导入、函数使用等。以富营养化评价的实例,说明使用自定义函数求解含多参数的复杂计算是很方便的。     

东北地区盐碱泡沼渔业开发技术

盐碱泡沼广泛分布于东北地区的中、西部，是该区域宜渔国土资源的主要类型之一．根据１９８８～１９９５年东北松辽平原农业综合开发的实践，本文以大安市试验示范区为例，初步介绍了盐碱泡沼渔业开发的６项主要技术措施，以供同类地区借鉴。     

CHANGE IN LAKE TROPHIC STATE AND INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AFTER ALUMINUM SULFATE APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: Recovery of eutrophic lakes after nutrient diversion may be delayed if the lake experiences significant internal phosphorus (p) loading to the water column. A maximum dose of aluminum sulfate, defined herein, was applied to the anaerobic sediments of the hypolimnia of two dimictic Ohio lakes following septic tank diversion, with the objective of attaining long term control of the release of phosphorus to the water column from these sediments. The results were compared to a similar, downstream, untreated lake. Total phosphorus concentration declined sharply after treatment and has remained so through 1980 for both lakes, a period of 5 and 6 years of control, respectively. Internal P loading from anaerobic, hypolimnetic sediments was partially controlled by the treatment but there are other important sources, perhaps in the littoral zone, in these lakes. Algal biomass is Smaller and water transparency has increased. Both lakes became mesotrophic after treatment, as described by the Carlson (1977) trophic state index, and remain in that improved condition to date. No deleterious side effects were observed, although one lake experienced a significant decrease in diversity of planktonic microcrustacea and a lakeward extension of the macrophyte community. This method appears to be an effective and lasting means of accelerating the recovery of a eutrophic lake following nutrient diversion.