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311.
本文扼要叙述了太湖流域1991年的灾害概况,从气候、地形和水系特征等方面说明太湖流域存在发生洪涝灾害的自然条件,指出人为不恰当活动是加剧洪涝灾害的不可忽视的原因.最后对治理对策提出了六点建议. 相似文献
312.
Henry N.N. Bulley James W. Merchant David B. Marx John C. Holz Aris A. Holz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(3):605-621
Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged with establishing standards and criteria for assessing lake water quality. It is, however, increasingly evident that a single set of national water quality standards that do not take into account regional hydrogeologic and ecological differences will not be viable as lakes clearly have different inherent capacities to meet such standards. We demonstrate a GIS‐based watershed classification strategy for identifying groups of Nebraska reservoirs that have similar potential capacity to attain a certain level of water quality standard. A preliminary cluster analysis of 78 reservoirs was performed to determine the potential number of Nebraska reservoir groups. Subsequently, a Classification Trees method was used to refine number of classes, describe the structure of reservoir watershed classes, and to develop a predictive model that relates watershed conditions to reservoir classes. Results suggest that Nebraska reservoirs can be represented by nine classes and that soil organic matter content in the watershed is the most important single variable for segregating the reservoirs. The cross‐validation prediction error rate of the Classification Tree model was 26.3%. Because all geospatial data used in this work are available nationally, the method could be adopted throughout the U.S. Hence, this GIS‐based watershed classification approach could provide water resources managers an effective decision‐support tool in managing reservoir water quality. 相似文献
313.
Stephen A. Norton 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):93-98
Pollution of the atmosphere with cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) is a consequence of human activities. Natural archives
are necessary to reconstruct the long-term history of metal deposition because accurate measurement of atmospheric deposition
is a recent accomplishment. Reconstructions require: (1) accurate determination of concentrations of elements and isotopes,
(2) accurate chronology of archives, and (3) archives that faithfully record atmosphere deposition. The most useful long-term
archives are accumulations of ice and snow, peat, and lake sediment. Quantification of Cd deposition is uncommon because of
its low concentration and substantial chemical mobility. Nonetheless, trends in peat and lake sediment are similar to those
of Hg and Pb since ca. 1800 a.d. Both Hg and Pb are relatively chemically immobile and thus the peat and lake archives are believed to record historic trends
of atmospheric deposition. Isotopic and concentration studies of Pb indicate a history of northern hemisphere atmospheric
pollution extending back prior to 0 a.d. Although measurements of Hg concentration are now routine, isotopic measurements are in their infancy. Some Hg pollution
sources have unique isotopic ratios, thereby contributing unique signals to the total Hg. Maximum accumulation rates of Hg
and Pb occur up to 10 years later than for Cd (1970s versus 1960s in eastern North America, perhaps slightly later in Europe).
By 2004, deposition of Cd, Hg, and Pb had declined from peak values in eastern North America more than 75, 75, and 90%, respectively. 相似文献
314.
层次分析法在区域湖泊水资源可持续发展评价中的应用 总被引:40,自引:1,他引:39
依据可持续发展理论,区域可持续发展系统一般由人口、资源、环境、经浊和社会五个子系统组成。本文从四个方面(人对资源环境的需求;资源环境的需求;经济发展的需求;社会发展的需求)提出区域湖泊水资源可持续发展的5指标体系。并用层次分析法计算各指标的权重,用于评价区域湖泊水资源可持续发展的保证程度,结果表明:区域湖泊水资源可持续发展指标体系的26个指标中,与人民群众生活息息相关的居民对水物满意程度(P13) 相似文献
315.
316.
Assefa M. Melesse Xixi Wang 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(6):1647-1657
Abstract: An artificial neural network (ANN) provides a mathematically flexible structure to identify complex nonlinear relationship between inputs and outputs. A multilayer perceptron ANN technique with an error back propagation algorithm was applied to a multitime-scale prediction of the stage of a hydro-logically closed lake, Devils Lake (DL), and discharge of the Red River of the North at Grand Forks station (RR-GF) in North Dakota. The modeling exercise used 1 year (2002), 5 years (1998–2002), and 27 years (1975–2002) of data for the daily, weekly, and monthly predictions, respectively. The hydrometeorological data (precipitations P(t) , P(t-1) , P(t-2) , P(t-3) , antecedent runoff/lake stage R(t-1) and air temperature T(t) were partitioned for training and for testing to predict the current hydro-graph at the selected DL and RR-GF stations. Performance of ANN was evaluated using three combinations of daily datasets (Input I = P(t) ), P(t-l) , P(t-2) , P(t-3) , T(t) and R(t-l) ; Input II = Input-l less P(t) P(t-l) , P(t-2) , P(t-3) ; and Input III = Input-II less T(t) ). Comparison of the model output using Input I data with the observed values showed average testing prediction efficiency (E) of 86 percent for DL basin and 46 percent for RR-GF basin, and higher efficiency for the daily than monthly simulations. 相似文献
317.
Stratification and Circulation in a Shallow Turbid Waterbody 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shallow waterbodies are often assumed to be well mixed in the vertical. However, when they are characterised by high turbidity levels, absoption of solar heating within a relatively thin surface layer can produce thermal stratification. Results from an intensive monitoring program have been combined with three-dimensional circulation modelling to examine the diurnal stratification cycles in a small turbid waterbody. The waterbody, known as Rushy Billabong, is located in southeastern Australia and its high turbidity coupled with forcing by wind and solar radiation resulted in regular diurnal cycles of stratification and overturning. Under conditions of light wind and high solar radiation, the model results were generally consistent with the observed temperature field. However, under stronger winds, preferential cooling and sinking of shallow water around the edge of the lake began to contribute significantly to the interior stratification. Model estimates then became more sensitive to the detailed bathymetry and the choice of turbulence parameterisation. The level of stratification is also shown to influence the circulation in the billabong by trapping the wind-driven flow near the surface. Insights provided by the observations and modelling may have broader implications for the management of small turbid systems such as settling ponds, aquaculture ponds, and some natural wetlands. 相似文献
318.
达里诺尔湖化学特征与发展态势 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对国家级自然保护区核心区达里诺尔湖水环境四年的研究,结果表明:有着典型代表的达里诺尔北方湖泊尔环境以含盐量高、碱度大为主要化学特征,而且随着生态环境的破坏、湖水蒸发量的逐年增加,湖泊水质有明显恶化趋势。 相似文献
319.
青山水库底栖动物群落初步研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
1996年10月-1997年7月对青山水库底栖大型无脊椎动物群落进行了4次采样调查,共发现大型底栖无脊椎动物16种,其中寡毛类5种,水生昆虫7种,软件动物2种,蛭类和线虫各1种。青山水库底栖动物群落密度和生物量的水平变化为库出口>库中心>进口。湖区底栖动物群落占优势的各类为:刺夹长足摇蚊(Tanypus punctipennis)、花翅前突摇蚊(Procladius choreus)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)。调查结果表明,目前青山水库底栖动物群落的种类组成指示该水体已属富营养型,但从生物量上分析,目前青山水库应属中营养。 相似文献
320.