Cytotoxic activity of spark‐decomposed sulfur hexafluoride and analysis of cytotoxic contributions of individual spark decomposition products†

Sulfur hexafluoride decomposed by electrical sparks has been found to by cytotoxic to hamster cells when tested in an in vitro cell survival assay, while SF₆ shows no cytotoxic activity. Chemical analysis of spark‐decomposed SF₆ has identified and quantified the following compounds: SOF₂, SO₂F₂, SF₄, SOF₄, SiF₄, SO₂ and HF. Each of these gases, at concentration ranges expected in spark‐decomposed SF₆, were tested for cytotoxic activity toward hamster cells. Of the gases showing cytotoxic activity, SO₂F₂ and SOF₄ were similar in activity, as were SOF₂ and SF₄, while the behavior of SiF₄ was different from the rest. None of these individual gases, at concentrations expected in spark‐decomposed SF₆, has sufficient cytotoxic activity to account for the cytotoxic effect of spark‐decomposed SF₆ observed in our assay system. A four‐component mixture of some of the gases enumerated above (at concentrations overestimating their abundance in spark‐decomposed SF₆) was much less cytotoxic than the spark‐decomposed SF₆ gas. A mathematical simulation of the cytotoxic activity of a mixture of gases at concentrations found in spark‐decomposed SF₆ was made, assuming independent cytotoxic effects from each component. The simulated cytotoxic effect thus computed was less than that seen in spark‐decomposed SF₆. Since individual components or mixtures of the major decomposition products do not account for the observed biological activity of spark‐decomposed SF₆, this suggests there may be one or more components, present in the spark‐decomposed gas at very low concentrations, which may have a very strong cytotoxic activity.     

Effects of polyaluminium chloride on the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna

In a number of countries across the world, aluminium in the form of polyaluminium chloride has been used in the treatment of freshwaters for the direct removal of cyanobacteria, or phosphorus removal, but knowledge about its effect on zooplankton species is poor. In our study, polyaluminium chloride toxicity was tested on both artificial and natural freshwaters for a better understanding and prediction of effects in real ecosystems. Our results indicate that prediction of effects in a real ecosystem based on standard ISO methods is insufficient, and tests with nontarget species (including invertebrates) should be done before each treatment using the water samples from the treated location. Effective concentrations of polyaluminium chloride can differ markedly according to the type of water composition used in the assay. Our experiments proved that EC₅₀ values can fluctuate between 9.89 and 54.29 mg·L^?1 of Al³⁺, and the toxicity is dominantly dependent on the treated water conductivity. This parameter seems to be the dominant source of different effects on zooplankton species after treatment and thus should be properly tested before each use of polyaluminium chloride as a treatment compound.     

工作场所空气中氯化铵的分光光度测定方法研究

为了建立工作场所空气中氯化铵的分光光度测定方法,通过在工作场所空气中的氯化铵用混合纤维滤膜（MCE）采集,用去离子水洗脱后,加入纳氏试剂,于420nm波长下测量吸光度,测定铵根离子含量。结果发现, 该法线性范围为00-50 μg/ml ,相关系数（r）=09995。方法的加标回收率为960%-982%,批内和批间精密度均<5%。定量下限为020μg/ml,最低定量浓度为052mg/m3（换算成氯化铵,以采集30L空气样品计算）。样品在室温下至少可保存14天。研究表明, 该方法操作简便,精密度、准确度、洗脱效率及样品稳定性均满足职业卫生标准制定指南要求,适用于工作场所空气中氯化铵浓度测定。     

生物絮凝剂与改性沸石复配处理猪场废水厌氧消化液的响应面优化

采用响应面分析法(RSM)对红平红球菌所产发酵液与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复配处理高岭土悬浊液及发酵液与改性沸石复配处理猪场废水厌氧消化液的过程进行了优化.设定的响应值分别为絮凝率和絮体粒径,COD和氨氮去除率.实验分别拟合了关于絮凝率,絮体粒径,COD去除率和氨氮去除率的二次模型,决定系数(R2)分别为0.8933,0.8353,0.7819和0.8343,表明拟合情况良好.根据响应值的分布情况,确定高岭土悬浊液的最佳絮凝条件为发酵液3.7mL/L,PAC 49mg/L,pH值8.7,CaCl224mg/L, 反应时间15min,相应絮凝率和絮体粒径分别为96.3%和0.67mm;猪场废水厌氧消化液的最佳絮凝条件为发酵液4.5mL/L,改性沸石12g/L,pH值8.3,CaCl216mg/L,反应时间55min,相应COD,氨氮去除率分别为87.9%和86.9%.     

改性粉煤灰的制备及其对分散蓝的吸附

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为改性剂,制备PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰。采用正交实验考察了制备条件对PDMDAAC在粉煤灰上的负载量的影响。实验结果表明:在反应温度为70℃、反应时间为3 h、PDMDAAC质量浓度为50 g/L、溶液pH为10的最佳条件下,PDMDAAC在粉煤灰上的负载量为0.98 mg/g;在吸附温度为30℃、初始分散蓝质量浓度为50 mg/L、PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰加入量为4 g/L的条件下,PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰对分散蓝的去除率可达98%。PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰对分散蓝的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型。     

高锰酸钾及氯化锰对日本青鳉的急、慢性毒性(Toxic Effects of Potassium Permanganate and Manganese Chloride on the Early Life Stage of Japanese Medaka（Oryzias latipes）)

饮用水生产中投加高锰酸钾可能引起高锰酸钾及其副产物二价锰的毒性效应.利用日本青鳉的胚胎-幼鱼发育阶段评价了以高锰酸钾为预氧化剂的饮用水生产工艺安全性.结果表明,高锰酸钾对日本青鳉的LC50-96h为1.48mg·L-1.慢性暴露中,对孵化时间影响的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC30d)为0.1mg·L-1;暴露于0.4mg·L-1的高锰酸钾对30d后日本青鳉的体长、体重、累计死亡率均有显著影响,但对孵化率率无显著影响.氯化锰(Mn2+)对日本青鳉的LC50-96h为550mg·L-1,对体重影响的LOEC30d为3.2mg·L-1.当高锰酸钾的使用浓度在0.5～1.5mg·L-1之间,其在滤后水中的高锰酸钾残余浓度低于检出限,而降解中间体产物Mn2+浓度小于0.5mg·L-1,均低于本文报道的LOECs数值.     

聚合氯化铁在微絮凝-深床过滤工艺中的应用

以聚铝(PAC)为参照比较研究了聚合氯化铁(PFC)在微絮凝深床过滤工艺中的应用效果.结果表明PFC投药量少(Fe:Al=3:5),其水头滤程可达63h,周期产水率可达1504m³/m²,而PAC的水头滤程为53h,周期产水率为1266 m³/m²;PFC表现出利于延长运行周期,提高产水率等优势.通过截污机理研究表明,PFC具有形成絮体快,与滤料作用迅速,脱水性能好等特点,与PAC相比PFC更适用于微絮凝-深床过滤工艺.     

三氯化铝在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动及学习记忆能力的影响

以斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼为实验对象,探讨三氯化铝(Al Cl3)在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆的影响。将受精后6 h(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎分成2个大组,分别为对照组和三氯化铝组,以观察三氯化铝的毒性作用。每一大组又分为中性(pH7.4)、微酸(pH6.4)和酸性(pH5.4)组,以观察酸性环境分别及与三氯化铝的共同毒性作用。分别采用72 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避反射实验、144 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼自发运动、168 hpf单一多次光刺激斑马鱼幼鱼实验等探讨在中性、微酸和酸性环境下暴露铝离子对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力以及学习记忆的影响。结果显示:与中性环境下的三氯化铝组相比,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组可以使斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避次数减少(P0.05),平均速度和移动距离下降(P0.001),斑马鱼幼鱼运动轨迹杂乱无章,自发触壁活动减少;单一多次光刺激实验结果发现,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组使斑马鱼幼鱼到达平台速度的光照次数显著增加且差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。以上结果说明,三氯化铝在微酸和酸性环境下,能导致斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆能力下降,并且酸度值越小,对斑马鱼幼鱼运动和学习记忆的影响更显著。酸度值与三氯化铝之间存在协同作用,酸性环境可以使三氯化铝毒性增加。     

处理悬浮聚合法聚氯乙烯离心母液的EGSB反应器中的污泥性质

在EGSB反应器处理低质量浓度PVC离心母液废水的试验研究中,着重检测了反应器内颗粒污泥的性质及其活性影响因素,并用扫描电镜观测了颗粒污泥表面菌体分布情况.结果表明:反应器运行180 d后,当HRT为8 h时,EGSB反应器对PVC离心母液TOC去除率稳定在50%以上;EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的形状、颜色、粒径分布、沉降速度、元素成分等方面都发生了变化;污泥最大比产甲烷活性为115 mL/(g·d);通过扫描电镜,在颗粒污泥表面观察到一些丝状菌和短杆菌等,但菌体密度不高;营养物质对颗粒污泥活性影响十分明显.      

聚合氯化铝钙的合成与应用

以氧化铝和碳酸钙为原料制备新型的无机高效水处理剂聚合氯化铝钙,研究了合成条件,确定了最佳的工艺参数。实验表明,升高温度有利于产品的合成,在10g铝酸钙粉末中盐酸加人量为70mL,酸溶时间为3h,焙烧反应中氧化铝与碳酸钙的适宜配比为3：2（质量比）。将合成的产品用于高炉煤气洗涤废水处理中,处理后的水质达到国家的排放标准和该厂的循环使用标准。