白洋淀不同水体氢氧同位素特征及其指示意义

为深入认识白洋淀湿地水文循环过程,于2020年开展大气降雨、河水、湖水和地下水样品采集和测试,揭示了不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征及其对蒸发、水动力条件、地表水和地下水交互作用的指示意义.结果表明,白洋淀不同水体氢氧同位素特征差异较大,δD和δ18O均值存在如下关系:6月湖水＞10月湖水＞上层地下水＞河水＞中层地下水＞下层...     

一种节水灌溉新装置的研究

地下灌溉技术是新发展起来的一种高效节水灌溉技术。这种技术由于具有显著的节水、节肥、增产以及改善土壤环境等优点,因而倍受世界各国的关注。提出了一种节水灌溉新装置,通过在实验室进行下渗等实验,从蒸发和减少深层渗漏两个方面对其节水性进行了分析论证,并在此基础上对装置工作原理和特点进行了简要探讨。     

川藏铁路沿线地区夏季气温日较差的影响因素研究

利用ERA5再分析资料,分析了1979—2018年川藏铁路沿线区域气候特征.研究了2014—2018年夏季气温日较差(DTR)的变化趋势,以及2014—2018年夏季DTR与地面太阳辐射(SSR)、总降水量(TP)、总云量(TCC)、海拔(DEM)和地表平均蒸发率(MER)的相关性.结果表明:研究区域气温呈上升趋势,2...     

Numerical studies on the thermal regimes of the horizontal tube falling film evaporation under varying feeder height

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the effect of feeder height and heat flux on the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal tube falling film evaporation in the thermal regimes. In order to investigate this, a two- dimensional CFD model was developed to perform simulation and results were compared and validated with published data available in the literature. Heat transfer co-efficients in the thermal regimes were determined from the CFD simulation and the results were recorded, analyzed and validated with the mathematical models available in the literature. The novelty of the current study is to predict the commencement of the fully developed thermal region over the tube from the simulation model under varying feeder height and heat flux. An effort was also made to measure the liquid film thickness around the tube from the CFD model in the thermal regimes. It is observed that angle of thermally developing region contracts and fully developed thermal region extends with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux. It is observed from the study that increase of heat flux by 10 kW/m² resulted in increase of heat transfer co-efficient value by 10–12% average in thermally developing region and 12–15% average in fully developed region. Thinnest liquid film thickness observed between 85 and 127°angle. Shifting of thinnest region of liquid film upward from the mid tube with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux is noted.     

水平-竖直管降膜多效蒸发高盐废水处理系统

为克服现有的高盐废水多效蒸发能耗高的问题,提出了水平-竖直管降膜多效蒸发高盐废水处理系统。工艺流程的原理分析和工程实例计算证明,利用竖管降膜蒸发器生成的二次蒸汽作为水平管降膜多效蒸发系统的加热蒸汽,使废水在水平管降膜蒸发器内浓缩,可大幅度降低在竖管降膜蒸发系统内进行蒸发结晶的废水量,从而减少废水蒸发消耗的高温高压蒸汽量,因此该技术是具有发展前景的高盐废水处理节能新技术。     

ESTIMATING AVERAGE MONTHLY LAKE EVAPORATION IN THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: A methodology to estimate the average monthly lake evaporation, E(τ), (month τ=1,12) for fresh water bodies located in the northeast United States is presented. The approach combines analysis of at‐site, lake‐specific vertical water temperature profile data and a previously developed regional air temperature based model approximation of the widely accepted modified Penman energy budget estimate of mean monthly potential evaporation, E_p(τ) (mm/day). The paper presents procedures to develop site‐specific estimates of E_p(τ) and to convert water temperature data to average monthly conductive heat flux, G(τ). With monthly estimates of G(τ), the average monthly potential evaporation, E_p(τ), is then convertible to estimates of the average monthly lake evaporation, E(τ). This new method permits a good estimate of site‐specific lake evaporation rates without the data and computational requirements of the Penman energy budget procedure nor the comparatively expensive, time consuming field eddy correlation approach.     

燃煤电厂脱硫废水的零排放处理技术

采用化学沉淀—混凝—软化工艺对江苏某燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫废水进行物化法预处理,预处理后的废水再进行蒸发结晶,回收工业盐及冷凝水,最终实现了电厂脱硫废水的零排放。实验结果表明:在化学沉淀p H为9、混凝剂聚合硫酸铝铁(PAFS)加入量为2.5 m L/L、絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加入量为2.0 m L/L的条件下,废水浊度可降至4.13 NTU,废水中的重金属、氟离子以及悬浮物被有效去除,预处理后废水的水质可达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》;蒸发结晶处理得到的工业盐和冷凝水分别符合GB/T 5462—2003《工业盐》的国家精制工业盐二级标准和GB 1576—2008《工业锅炉水质》的给水标准;脱硫废水的工业盐产率量为30 g/L。     

表面活性剂对萘和对氯硝基苯在湍流状态下挥发的影响

研究了不同湍流条件下,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和聚氧乙烯失水山梨酸醇(Tween20)对萘和对氯硝基苯挥发的影响,为评价复合污染的水体中,表面活性剂对亨利系数(H)不同的有机物在湍流状态下挥发的影响提供理论依据.结果表明,在湍流状态下,萘和对氯硝基苯在表面活性剂溶液中的挥发符合一级动力学方程,拟合方程相关系数均大于0.99;表面活性剂的存在抑制有机物的挥发,扰动过程促进挥发,二者综合作用下以扰动的促进作用为主;如表面活性剂在150～2000mg/L的浓度范围,扰动速率分别39r/min和65r/min时,萘和对氯硝基苯的挥发速率Kv扰动均大于其在静态纯水中的挥发速率Kv静止.在相同的扰动条件下,表面活性剂对萘和对氯硝基苯抑制作用大小顺序为:CTMABTween20SDS.对于H大的化合物(萘),扰动过程的促进作用和表面活性剂的抑制作用,均大于H小的化合物(对氯硝基苯).     

On the Relationship Between Mean and Variance of Soil Moisture Fields1

Abstract: The objective of this work was to explain an apparent contradiction in the literature related to the relationship between mean and variance (or standard deviation) of soil moisture fields. Some studies found an increase in soil moisture variance with decreasing mean soil moisture, while others showed a decrease. The evidence of maximum variance in the mid‐range of mean soil moisture was also reported in the literature. In this paper, we focus on the effects of spatial variability of soil texture on the relationship between variance and mean of soil moisture during soil dry‐down processes. Soil texture influences soil moisture mean and variance through its direct effects on evaporation and drainage, which are two main factors controlling soil drying. A differential equation describing soil moisture dry down is proposed and studied. Our study shows that as mean soil moisture is greater than a threshold, variance increases with decreasing mean soil moisture. If mean soil moisture is less than the threshold, variance decreases with decreasing mean soil moisture. The threshold depends on soil texture and is between the field capacity and the wilting point. The soil moisture dry‐down equation is also applied to explain the apparent contradiction with regard to the relationship between mean and variance of soil moisture fields reported in the literature.     

干旱亚干旱区固体废弃物对非饱和土体污染的研究

鉴于以往用动力学法在研究非饱和土体水运动（移）问题时存在的具体困难，根据土壤水动力学原理和土壤水特性，从新的角度研究非饱和土体水运动和污染问题，给出了简便易行的水分平衡法基本计算式，提出了新的参数─—非饱和蒸发量（Ｅｆ）。简要介绍了水分平衡法在干旱区固体废物安全堆贮工程计算、污染预测及控制等方面的应用。