IMPACT OF THERMAL STANDARDS ON POWER PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION1

Power plant water consumption (evaporative water loss) for various river temperature standards is presented for existing and proposed power plants located along the Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers in the MAPP geographical area. Thermodynamic and economic models are combined to evaluate the cooling related water consumption at various river thermal standards. The existing thermal standards and a number of other hypothetical thermal regulations including the extreme cases of no thermal standards and no allowable heated discharges are examined to show the dependence on thermal standards of power production related water consumption. A critical appraisal of the cost of thermal standards in terms of water consumption is thereby possible so that subjective assessments of the standards can proceed with full knowledge of the tradeoffs involved between the “water costs” of power production and environmental enhancement.     

EFFECT OF TWO IMPOUNDMENTS ON THE SALINITY AND QUANTITY OF STORED WATERS1

ABSTRACT The effect of hydrologic and chemical processes on salinization of stored waters was determined for two small floodwater-retarding structures located in western Oklahoma. One structure, already designed to accommodate a large influx of sediment, was further overdesigned hydrologically by upstream diversion of approximately one-half the inflow. Over a 2-year period, the total salinity of stored waters increased approximately 22 times and the stored water volume decreased to 1/33 its initial volume in the overdesigned structure, while both volume and salinity of stored waters remained comparatively stable in the other structure. The lack of sufficient dilution by better quality surface runoff and the increased residence time of water in the impoundment apparently caused most of the salinity increase. The bulk of the salt load entering the over-designed structure, to be concentrated later by evaporation, was associated with base rather than storm inflow. After base inflow ceased, substantial losses of salt load and stored water occurred concurrently. The loss was not adequately explained by chemical precipitation in association with evaporation. Seepage and evaporation-associated variables appeared to account for much of the hydrologically unexplained loss of stored waters.     

MAN ON THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE1

ABSTRACT: Man is the one biological factor that can either make environment fit his needs or unknowingly ruin it. The major phases of the hydrologic cycle, in which man can interfere are: precipitation, storage and evaporation. A change m any one phase will generally cause modification to the other phases of the cycle: the only certainity is that the water balance will indeed balance.     

DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY,COACHELLA AREA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT .A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit-cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.     

AN INSULATED EVAPORIMETER1

Evaporation was measured from a circular evaporation pan, 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. The pan was insulated on the sides and bottom using 2 inches of freon-blown polyurethane foam. A U.S. Weather Bureau Class A evaporation pan was used to obtain reference evaporation measurements. Water evaporation from the Class A pan and the insulated pan were highly correlated. Using a water-methanol mixture, the insulated pan may be operated at temperatures below 32 F; the equivalent liquid water evaporation may be determined using a regression equation.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL WATERSHED CALIBRATION1

ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that climatic data can be used to develop a watershed model so that stream flow changes following forest harvest can be determined. Measured independent variables were precipitation, daily maximum and minimum temperature, and concurrent relative humidity. Computed variables were humidity deficit, saturated vapor pressure, and ambient vapor pressure. These climatic variables were combined to compute a monthly evaporation index. Finally, the evaporation index and monthly precipitation were regressed with measured monthly stream flow and the monthly estimates of stream flow were combined for the hydrologic year. A regression of predicted versus measured annual stream flow had a standard error of 1.5 inches (within 6.1 percent of the measured value). When 10, 15, and 20 years of data were used to develop the regression equations, predicted minus measured stream flow for the last 7 years of record (1972–1978) were within 16.8, 11.5, and 9.7 percent of the measured mean, respectively. Although single watershed calibration can be used in special conditions, the paired watershed approach is expected to remain the preferred method for determining the effects of forest management on the water resource.     

国内甲醇废水处理技术应用现状

介绍了汽化法、厌氧生物处理法和好氧化生物处理法在国内甲醇废水处理中的应用情况,存在的问题,并提出了一些改进建议。     

船舶油运中油气污染，控制及石油发试验研究

船舶装卸运输石油时，油气蒸发是船舶大气污染的主要问题之一。它不仅损失大量货油，也对船舶环境造成严重污染。试验表明， 油气蒸发过程随油种不同。蒸发速率差别较大，第一类如工业汽油、煤油，初始发量高达每小时5％－10％，第一天蒸发逸散量可在50％，第二类如柴油、原油也有较大蒸发速率，第一天的蒸发量可达3％－11％，第三类蒸发量较小，如机油、重油、渣油等。第一天蒸发量仅约0.5％以下，但蒸发衰减不快。前两类油种蒸发衰减较快。油气蒸发过程也与环境温度、风速有关。文中最后讨论了控制油气蒸发造成污染的3项措施。     

安徽地区近45年蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征及影响因素初探

利用线性倾向性估计和Mann Kendal检验方法,研究了过去的45年（1963~2007年）安徽地区32个代表站 20 cm 口径蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明：（1）安徽地区蒸发皿蒸发量呈现明显下降趋势（-65.3 mm/10 a,信度001）,年蒸发总量在1976年发生突变,1982年显著减少,夏季突变最为明显;（2）32个代表台站中24个台站蒸发皿蒸发量表现为显著下降趋势,仅1个表现为上升趋势（信度005）,在空间上减少趋势基本呈现“北多南少”的态势。结合其它气候要素研究发现：气温显著升高,蒸发量明显减少,即安徽地区存在“蒸发悖论”规律,但气温与蒸发量之间相关性不明显;日照,日较差和风速存在显著减少趋势,相关性〖JP+1〗分析表明它们是影响蒸发皿蒸发量减少的最重要因子;低云量,降水量和相对湿度等要素本身没有明显变化趋势但对蒸发皿蒸发量的减少作用也不可忽视。     

Implications of climate change for evaporation from bare soils in a Mediterranean environment

The purpose of this study was to predict quantitative changes in evaporation from bare soils in the Mediterranean climate region of Turkey in response to the projections of a regional climate model developed in Japan (hereafter RCM). Daily RCM data for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET _r) and soil evaporation were obtained for the periods of 1994–2003 and 2070–2079. Potential evaporation (E _p) from bare soils was calculated using the Penman–Monteith equation with a surface resistance of zero. Simulation of actual soil evaporation (E _a) was carried out using Aydin model (Aydin et al., Ecological Modelling 182:91–105, 2005) combined with Aydin and Uygur (2006, A model for estimating soil water potential of bare fields. In Proceedings of the 18th International Soil Meeting (ISM) on Soils Sustaining Life on Earth, Managing Soil and Technology, Sanliurfa, 477–480pp.) model of predicting soil water potential at the top surface layer of a bare soil, after performances of Aydin model (R ² = 94.0%) and Aydin and Uygur model (R ² = 97.6) were tested. The latter model is based on the relations among potential soil evaporation, hydraulic diffusivity, and soil wetness, with some simplified assumptions. Input parameters of the model are simple and easily obtainable such as climatic parameters used to compute the potential soil evaporation, average diffusivity for the drying soil, and volumetric water content at field capacity. The combination of Aydin and Aydin and Uygur models appeared to be useful in estimating water potential of soils and E _a from bare soils, with only a few parameters. Unlike ET _r and E _p projected to increase by 92 and 69 mm (equivalent to 8.0 and 7.3% increases) due to the elevated evaporative demand of the atmosphere, respectively, E _a from bare soils is projected to reduce by 50 mm (equivalent to a 16.5% decrease) in response to a decrease in rainfall by 46% in the Mediterranean region of Turkey by the 2070s predicted by RCM, and consequently, to decreased soil wetness in the future.