赭石对模拟重金属废水的吸附效果研究

采用模拟重金属废水的正交试验设计,进行赭石对模拟重金属废水的吸附效果研究,探讨pH、赭石加入量和振荡时间等影响因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在一定pH、赭石加入量和振荡时间条件下,赭石对6种重金属（Pb、Cd、Mn、Zn、Cr和Ni）均有较好吸附效果,对Pb、Cd、Mn、Zn和Cr的最大吸附率可达100%,对Ni的吸附率达8963%。处理后废水中重金属达到污水排放标准。各影响因素对Mn、Zn和Cr吸附效率的影响大小表现为：pH＞赭石加入量＞振荡时间,Ni和Cd表现为：赭石加入量＞pH＞振荡时间,Pb表现为：pH＞振荡时间＞赭石加入量。赭石对废水中重金属吸附的最佳条件为赭石加入量40 g/L,pH 10～10.5,振荡时间2 h。     

对苯二甲酸生产废水回用实验研究

采用高级氧化工艺对对苯二甲酸生产废水进行处理,系统考察了氧化剂投加量、废水pH等对处理效果的影响,得出了最佳工艺条件。经过处理的PTA废水,水质达到了车间用水的要求。本方法具有处理效果好、操作简单和环境友好等优点。     

高效菌藻塘系统对农村污水中磷的强化去除效果研究

研究了高效菌藻塘系统处理太湖地区农村生活污水除磷效果及其强化措施。高效菌藻塘和水生生物塘HRT分别为8 d和4 d,进水总磷浓度为1.7～17.1 mg/L,出水总磷浓度全年平均值为3.33 mg/L,高效菌藻塘系统的除磷能力欠佳。通过降低水生生物塘内水深、采用废弃石膏作为填料构建了新型复合水生生物塘,HRT=1.6 d条件下,复合水生生物塘出水总磷可保持在1 mg/L以下,可达到GB18918-2002一级B排放标准。     

聚硅酸锌铝的制备及其性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸锌、硫酸铝为原料,通过共聚法制备了无机高分子絮凝剂聚硅酸锌铝（PSZAS）,研究了Na₂SiO₃的摩尔浓度、活化时间、Al/Si、Zn/Si 配比及絮凝剂的投加量对絮凝效果的影响,用X-射线衍射（XRD）和电子扫描电镜（SEM）对该絮凝剂的结构及形貌进行了表征。结果表明：当硅酸钠的浓度为0.4 mol/L,硅酸活化时间为2 h,Si∶Al∶Zn=1∶1∶1.5,絮凝剂投加量为20 mL/L废水时,絮凝剂的电中和能力和吸附架桥能力最强,絮凝剂对含H-酸染料模拟废水的絮凝效果最好。     

Screening analysis of volatile organic contaminants in commercial inorganic coagulants used for drinking water treatment

A method for quality screening is suggested to detect volatile impurities in inorganic coagulants that are used for drinking water treatment. Static headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (HS–GCMS) is sensitive and selective to detect volatiles in low concentrations. This study has discovered that volatile organic impurities are detectable in ferric and aluminium-based coagulants which are used for drinking water treatment. For ferric chloride, 2-propanol was detected at a level of 17–24 μg ml⁻¹, acetone at 0.7–1.7 μg ml⁻¹, 1,1,1-trichloroacetone at 0.02–0.04 μg ml⁻¹, trichloromethane at 0.01–0.02 μg ml⁻¹ and toluene at 0.01–0.12 μg ml⁻¹. For ferric chloride sulfate, acetone was detected at a level of 0.12 μg ml⁻¹, 1,1,1-trichloroacetone at 0.06–0.08 μg ml⁻¹, trichloromethane at 0.13–0.23 μg ml⁻¹, bromodichloromethane at 0.04–0.06 μg ml⁻¹ and dibromochloromethane at 0.04–0.05 μg ml⁻¹. For aluminium hydroxide chloride, only trichloromethane was detectable, but below the method detection limits (MDL). Although the concentrations of these impurities in commercial coagulants are low, this observation is important and should have impact on water industries for them to pay attention to the chemicals they are using for drinking water production.     

Adsorption of phenol and its derivatives from water using synthetic resins and low-cost natural adsorbents: a review

In this article, the technical feasibility of the use of activated carbon, synthetic resins, and various low-cost natural adsorbents for the removal of phenol and its derivatives from contaminated water has been reviewed. Instead of using commercial activated carbon and synthetic resins, researchers have worked on inexpensive materials such as coal fly ash, sludge, biomass, zeolites, and other adsorbents, which have high adsorption capacity and are locally available. The comparison of their removal performance with that of activated carbon and synthetic resins is presented in this study. From our survey of about 100 papers, low-cost adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for phenol and its derivatives compared to activated carbons. Adsorbents that stand out for high adsorption capacities are coal-reject, residual coal treated with H3PO4, dried activated sludge, red mud, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified montmorillonite. Of these synthetic resins, HiSiv 1000 and IRA-420 display high adsorption capacity of phenol and XAD-4 has good adsorption capability for 2-nitrophenol. These polymeric adsorbents are suitable for industrial effluents containing phenol and its derivatives as mentioned previously. It should be noted that the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents presented here vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the individual adsorbent, the extent of chemical modifications, and the concentrations of solutes.     

Application of lime and calcium hypochlorite in the dephenolisation and discolouration of olive mill wastewater

The application of hypochlorite for the removal of soluble COD, phenolic and polyphenolic like compounds, and other organic compounds responsible for the olive mill wastewater (OOWW) colour has been experimentally studied. After the OOWW filtration on a sand column, the effluent was subjected to a fast liming under optimal conditions. Lime application reduced polyphenols, COD and SS contents to half of their initial values but an important blackening of the treated OOWW was observed, especially when adding high concentrations of lime (10% (W/V) and 15% (W/V)).A second stage of treatment was applied using calcium hypochlorite. In this stage, removal of the studied compounds reached as much as 95% at higher concentrations, and particularly the colouring of OOWW which is generally difficult to eliminate was greatly reduced. The OOWW hypochloration acted through coagulation–flocculation and a rapid oxidation of the organic matter proceeded from the first 5 min. The kinetic study of the degradation of the waste polluting compounds from liming showed that Ca(ClO)₂ reacts similarly in the elimination of organic compounds, polyphenols, SS and colouration. The analysis of the organochloride compounds generated by the reaction between hypochlorite and the organic compounds showed that DDD, DDT and the heptachlor contents exceeded the values recommended by the International and European drinking water standards.     

On-line production of ferrate with an electrochemical method and its potential application for wastewater treatment – A review

A number of studies on the oxidation of various organic/inorganic contaminants by ferrate(VI) were reported in the 1980s and 1990s. The exploration of the use of ferrate(VI) for water and wastewater treatment has been well addressed recently. However, challenges have existed for the implementation of ferrate(VI) technology in practice due to the instability of a ferrate solution or high production cost of solid ferrate products. The research has been carried out aiming at the generation and application of ferrate(VI) in situ. This paper thus reviews ferrate chemistry and its overall performance as a water treatment chemical, discusses the factors affecting the ferrate yield efficiency using the electrochemical method, and finally, summarises the work on the production and use of ferrate in situ which is currently under study.     

Non-conventional gas phase remediation of volatile halogenated compounds by dehydrated bacteria

Traditional biological removal processes are limited by the low solubility of halogenated compounds in aqueous media. A new technology appears very suitable for the remediation of these volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Solid/gas bio-catalysis applied in VOC remediation can transform halogenated compounds directly in the gas phase using dehydrated cells as a bio-catalyst.     

Assessment of Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater Application on Rice Cultivation

Field research was carried out to assess the effects of the application of reclaimed municipal wastewater on rice cultivation in Thessaloniki, Greece during a 2-year period (1999–2000). Effects on production cost, soil composition, and health risk were examined. A randomized complete block design was used for the paddy field with three treatments and four replicates. The treatments were (1) river irrigation water with N–P fertilization, (2) reclaimed wastewater irrigation with surface N fertilization, and (3) reclaimed wastewater irrigation without fertilization. The results showed that the total production cost decreased 8.8% and 11.9% by applying the second and third treatments, respectively, compared to the first treatment, without significant differences in the agronomic and rice quality traits. Soil composition showed discrepancies between the 2 years and the three treatments, whereas the pathogens of the reclaimed wastewater and rice tissues posed a low human risk when taking the needed precautions.