Evaluation of a long-range lagrangian dispersion model with ETEX

Performance of a Lagrangian dispersion model was examined in connection with its dependency on the boundary layer modelling and the input data resolution. The European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) data were used as reference. According to the sensitivity analysis of the model performance, the long-range dispersion model with the sparse input data was not noticeably different from that with the finer resolution data. The assumption of the prescribed constant mixing depth did not largely degrade the prediction results as compared with the simulation results with the temporally changing boundary layer. It is, therefore, concluded that the model is practical, considering the limited input data in the operational mode. However, it was also pointed out that the parameterization for the horizontal and vertical diffusion processes used in the present model enhanced the growth of plume. The improvement of input data resolution in time and space caused further dispersion of tracer deterministically. These resulted in the underestimation of the maximum concentration and the unfocussed concentration distribution map although the mean concentration was predicted fairly well.     

比生物絮凝因子作为絮凝剂促进厌氧污泥颗粒化指标的研究

研究了间歇投加微生物絮凝剂MBF21和阳离子PAM对厌氧污泥颗粒化的作用规律在此基础上考察了污泥的比生物絮凝因子与厌氧污泥的粒径间的关系.研究表明,污泥的比生物絮凝因子与污泥的粒径呈正相关微生物絮凝剂组、阳离子PAM组及对照组中厌氧污泥的比生物絮凝因子BF/BF0分别增加至42.65、40.45、21.89;与对照组相比,微生物絮凝剂组和阳离子PAM组污泥的BF/BF0分别提高了94.8%和84.8%.相应的污泥平均粒径分别增加至1.04、1.13、0.63mm;与对照组相比,微生物絮凝剂组和阳离子PAM组的污泥平均粒径分别增加了65.1%和79.4%.     

湿沉降离子平衡参数取值范围的计算

为保证湿沉降监测数据的可靠性及国际间数据的可比性,对不同类型湿沉降监测的离子平衡参数(R₁)的参考值X_R1的范围进行了计算和分析.结果表明,X_R1的取值主要受降水中离子组成、离子浓度以及监测准确性的影响.不同类型降水的X_R1的取值范围有所差别,同一类型降水的X_R1也会因降水中总离子浓度的差别而不同.降水中总离子浓度(C+A)>100μeq/L时,海陆相间型降水的X_R1的取值范围为5%～7%;内陆型降水的X_R1的取值范围为5%～9%;海洋型降水X_R1的取值范围为5%～11%.当(C+A)<50μeq/L时,总离子浓度越小,实验的精密度越差,离子浓度的精密度(ai)值越大.当ai取100%时,X_R1的取值范围为33%~71%.国际间同类降水监测规范比较,(C+A)≥50μeq/L时,_R1的取值基本在X_R1的计算范围内;而(C+A)<50μeq/L时,各个标准之间的差别较大.     

Functional decomposition—A contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during validation of highly automated driving

Abstract

Objective: Particular testing by functional decomposition of the automated driving function can potentially contribute to reducing the effort of validating highly automated driving functions. In this study, the required size of test suites for scenario-based testing and the potential to reduce it by functional decomposition are quantified for the first time.

Methods: The required size of test suites for scenario-based approval of a so-called Autobahn-Chauffeur (SAE Level 3) is analyzed for an exemplary set of scenarios. Based on studies of data from failure analyses in other domains, the possible range for the required test coverage is narrowed down and suitable discretization steps, as well as ranges for the influence parameters, are assumed. Based on those assumptions, the size of the test suites for testing the complete system is quantified. The effects that lead to a reduction in the parameter space for particular testing of the decomposed driving function are analyzed and the potential to reduce the validation effort is estimated by comparing the resulting test suite sizes for both methods.

Results: The combination of all effects leads to a reduction in the test suites’ size by a factor between 20 and 130, depending on the required test coverage. This means that the size of the required test suite can be reduced by 95–99% by particular testing compared to scenario-based testing of the complete system.

Conclusions: The reduction potential is a valuable contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during the validation of highly automated driving. However, this study is based on assumptions and only a small set of exemplary scenarios. Thus, the findings have to be validated in further studies.     

响水风电基础地震动参数选取及抗震性能分析

响水风电场位于江苏省响水沿海滩涂地区,是国内目前单体较大的风电项目。本风电场是Ⅳ类场地条件对抗震不利,因此有必要对基础抗震性能进行验算。首先选取不同地震动参数进行了对比计算,计算表明根据风电场场区地形地貌、区域地质条件确定的地震动参数,考虑土层特性后,地震作用放大较多。然后针对在多遇地震和基本烈度地震两种情况下,综合考虑波浪力、风荷载的联合作用,对风电基础进行抗震验算,计算表明多遇地震烈度时,可满足现行建筑结构抗震规范的要求。基本烈度地震时,结构的应力、内力及其墩台处位移均满足抗震要求,但泥面处位移超过限制要求,泥面位移控制是抗震设计的主要目标。     

考虑动态施工超长管棚预支护力学特性及参数影响分析*

为研究复杂地层超长管棚随动态施工的力学特性和管棚合理化参数,依托某下穿高速公路浅埋暗挖隧道工程,采用数值法进行三维动态建模分析。研究结果表明:管棚挠度曲线呈鱼腹形,拱顶部和拱腰管棚最终稳定在10.7,2.9 mm;管棚各测点轴力经历由受拉到受压的变化过程,通过各测点后受压区轴力逐渐减小,拱顶部动态响应更明显;管棚弯矩集中于掌子面前后方区域,随开挖面推进,弯矩作用范围逐渐向前扩张,最大弯矩发生在洞口套拱处;通过参数影响分析,当采用短进尺开挖时,管棚直径取129~159 mm、间距为0.4~0.5 m、注浆区厚度为0.4~0.5 m时可确保上方高速公路安全。研究结果可为类似工程施工和设计提供参考。     

ESTIMATING PARAMETERS OF EV1 DISTRIBUTION FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The parameters of the extreme value type 1 distribution were estimated for 55 annual flood data sets by seven methods. These are the methods of (1) moments, (2) probability weighted moments, (3) mixed moments, (4) maximum likelihood estimation, (5) incomplete means, (6) principle of maximum entropy, and (7) least squares. The method of maximum likelihood estimation was found to be the best and the method of incomplete means the worst. The differences between the methods of principle of maximum entropy, probability weighted moments, moments, and least squares were only minor. The difference between these methods and the method of maximum likelihood was not pronounced.     

三种蛙血红蛋白氧解离曲线影响因子及与栖境的关系

以滇蛙Ranapleuraden、无指盘臭蛙R.grahami和昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis为研究对象,应用血红蛋白(Hb)氧解离曲线分析方法,探讨在海拔差异程度不明显的情况下3种蛙Hb氧解离曲线的特点,并结合它们栖息小生境的分化,阐述可能影响其Hb氧解离曲线的因素,为进一步研究它们的生态分化提供依据。研究结果表明,3种蛙Hb氧和能力具有稳定的半饱和氧分压(P50)值,其中滇蛙和无指盘臭蛙的P50值种间差异不显著(p>0.05),二者的氧解离曲线几乎重叠;而昭觉林蛙的P50值与另2种蛙的种间差异均显著(p<0.05),它们的氧解离曲线相互明显分离。这3种蛙Hb氧和能力的强弱关系是:滇蛙Hb氧和能力略大于无指盘臭蛙,而远大于昭觉林蛙。导致3个相近种Hb氧和能力变化的原因为:血液的pH值和PCO2是影响Hb氧合能力的主要因素;皮肤的通透性影响Hb氧和能力;不同种类活动方式和栖息小生境的差异,甚至季节变化均影响血液参数的变化。     

湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期长沙段水环境参数的变化

以湘江长沙段5个监测断面9个检测项目的实测数据为依据,运用综合指数法、污染物分担率以及营养状态综合指数法,分析了湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期长沙段水环境参数的变化。结果表明:从总体上讲,长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期,长沙段5个监测断面水体的氨氮、高锰酸盐、总磷(营养物质)、挥发酚、石油类(有机毒物)镉、砷、汞、铅(重金属)9项综合污染指数等级、污染物分担率,以及营养物含量等级在时空尺度上均呈不同程度的下降趋势,其中以重金属污染指数下降趋势最明显。改善长沙段水环境质量的主要原因是:1长沙经济结构的优化与调整;2长沙综合枢纽建设与库区长沙段治污工程建设同步;3长沙综合枢纽蓄水功能,当水库蓄至正常水位时,一方面使库区长沙段年最低水位上升约1.5 m;另一方面使库区长沙、湘潭、株洲三江段分别较多年平均水位抬高4~6m、2~4m、1~2m,如此增加了长沙段水量,从而对水体污染物起到一定的稀释、降解与输移作用。     

237Np在饱和浙江红粘土中迁移参数的优化

依据放射性核素237 Np在浙江红土饱和土柱中浓度分布,采用单纯形优化算法对237 Np在饱和浙江红粘土中的迁移参数进行了优化,得到的目标函数χ2为0.45,而用实验测得的迁移参数计算得到的目标函数χ2为0.75。结果表明:迁移参数的优化结果与实验测量结果有很好的一致性,可直接依据核素浓度分布采用优化方法确定核素迁移参数。