Analysis of the current situation of environmental policy of China and establishment of distributed environmental policy framework

In this study, China’s current macro-environmental policies as well as their implementation and management tools are analyzed. By using the basic economic methodology, detailed studies are conducted focusing on the implementation effect of contemporary China’s typical environmental policy of the total pollutant discharge quantity control type, and also the two types of environmental management tools are compared from the perspective of implementation costs and policy uncertainty. By introduction of distributed management tools into the implementation of environmental policies, market-oriented means and the methods of economic analysis are introduced into environmental policy decision-making mechanisms, which could afford a new method for changing the current relatively low efficiency of environmental policy, solving the problem of “government failure” in environmental policy implementation, and providing a new way to make environmental policy system more flexible and more efficient. It is of great practical significance to solve China's current structural, complex and accumulative environmental problems.     

厌氧条件下土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化——以五氯酚（PCP）为例

研究厌氧条件下土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化方法,对阐明有机氯降解的动力学反应机制具有十分重要的理论意义。文章以厌氧条件下土壤中五氯酚（PCP）降解为例,归纳介绍了两类用于描述土壤中PCP降解动力学过程的模型：一类模型是不考虑微生物生长的基质降解模式,以一级动力学模型最有代表性,但这类模型多数情况下没有或没有完全体现环境因素对PCP降解的抑制作用;另一类模型是考虑微生物生长的基质降解模式,以Monod动力学模型使用最普遍,但这类模型只在微生物生长的指数期适用,对延迟期、稳定期和衰亡期需经扩展才可应用。logistic动力学模型可广泛用于以上两类模型,是可以近似地描述微生物经适应过程和共代谢作用而致有机氯降解的简单模型。文章还总结了有机氯降解非线性模型参数的优化方法,并对其优缺点进行了分析和比较。针对目前土壤中有机氯降解动力学模型及其参数优化研究中存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

硝酸铵与硝铵磷热稳定性对比研究

为了研究硝铵磷的热稳定性,用DSC－TG同步热分析仪测试了硝酸铵的热分解过程,根据升温速率分别为5,10,15 K／min的DSC和TG－DTG曲线,利用Ozawa法和Kissinger法求得的硝酸铵的活化能基本一致。用Rogers公式和Arrhenius公式求得指前因子和速率常数分别为1．62×1010 s－1,1．07×10－18 s－1（120℃）;硝酸铵在升温速率为5 K／min时,分解峰值温度的活化焓、活化熵、活化自由能分别为102．76 kJ／mol ,－62．35 J／（K·mol ）,134．98 kJ／mol;对比了硝酸铵和硝铵磷的DSC曲线,结果表明硝铵磷的吸热分解峰值温度低于硝酸铵,热稳定性更好。     

辛置煤矿310轨道巷围岩破裂范围研究

辛置煤矿310轨道巷属于高应力软岩巷道,地质构造和岩层结构非常复杂多变。为了解该巷道的松动范围、塑性区分布和围岩破坏情况,采用U510非金属超声波检测仪,在辛置煤矿310轨道巷左右两帮合理布置检测点,进行现场松动圈测试。获得一系列测试结果,运用测试结果及围岩松动圈支护理论,可对310轨道巷支护提供理论依据。     

基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段参数灵敏性分析

为探究城市地区渠道化源头河段水环境模型参数灵敏性,以巢湖流域十五里河源头段为对象,选择氯化钠(NaCl)为保守型示踪剂,采用瞬时投加方式,开展现场示踪试验. 在此基础上,利用OTIS模型(小河流水体溶质迁移扩散模型)模拟溶质(示踪剂)输移扩散规律,并以均方误差(RMSE)为目标函数,就±10%和±20%等参数多种变幅情景,采用扰动分析方法对A(河道过水断面面积)、A_s(暂态存储区断面面积)、α(交换系数)及D(扩散系数)等参数开展局部灵敏性分析. 结果表明:在十五里河源头段溶质迁移特征模拟方面,OTIS模型具有很好的适用性;尽管不同河段各参数的灵敏性排序存在一定的变化性,但总体趋势较为明显,表现为A＞α＞A_s＞D,这与欧美国家空间尺度相近的一些小河流水体基本相同;由于α和A_s的灵敏性超过D,表明在渠道化的城市小河流源头段,考虑暂态存储对于溶质输移扩散的影响十分必要. 研究结果进一步验证了扰动分析方法对于OTIS模型参数灵敏性分析的有效性.      

基于GIS的重大危险源安全监测预警系统研究与开发

提出了重大危险源安全监测预警系统的总体架构和设计建设原则,论述了重大危险源安全监测预警系统的两个主要功能:视频监控和综合参数监控;系统不仅可以实现传统的视频监控和记录功能,还可以对企业安全生产参数(如温度、压力等)实时采集与处理,对企业内部及周边的动态安全状况实时分析的基础上根据警情设定自动做出相应的监控预警及应急响应,如声光报警等;介绍了重大危险源安全监测预警系统在广州南沙(小虎)化工区等场所的示范应用情况。     

DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC C.ONDUCTWITY TENSOR USING A NONLINEAR LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATOR1

ABSTRACT: Reliable and consistent estimation of the components of the hydraulic conductivity tensor provides information needed to make proper decisions regarding clean up and restoration of contaminated aquifers. In this study, the nonlinear least-squares estimation technique was applied to drawdown versus time data from three or more observation wells to determine a theoretical ellipse of equal drawdown. The angle of rotation of this ellipse with respect to the working coordinate axes was determined by a procedure based on contouring the drawdowns at a given time. This ellipse, in turn, was used to estimate the directions and magnitudes of the horizontal components of the hydraulic conductivity tensor. The technique is applicable to confined, as well as leaky, aquifers. Sources of error in this technique include nonhomogeneity of the aquifer and partial penetration of the pumping and observation wells into the aquifer. The procedure presented may be used as an additional tool to verify computations of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy based on other techniques.     

非等距饱和指数曲线参数的灰色辨识及其应用

根据非等距ＧＭ（１,１）的建模原理,建立了非等距和指数曲线参数灰色辨识的二次一元线性回归解法。初步应用表明,本法计算简便,信息利用率高,拟合精度好,不仅为饱和指娄曲线参数辨识提供了新途径,也进一步拓广了它的应用范围。     

2,6-二硝基甲苯与4-硝基甲苯对虹鳉鱼的联合毒性

以虹锵鱼(Poecilia reticulata)为试验材料,进行了2．6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT)与4-硝基甲苯(4-NT)的急性毒性和联合毒性研究。采用Marking相加指数法(AI)及相似性参数(λ)对联合毒性做出评价。两种评价方法得出一致的结论：在等毒性配比的条件下,两者为协同作用。     

城市生活垃圾DANO发酵滚筒工业中试

通过工业中试研究了DANO发酵滚筒的结构设计及工艺运行控制参数 ,指出提高平均填充率 ,延长停留时间是结构设计的关键 ;垃圾料层堆温可作为主要工业运行控制参数。实验结果表明 :4m× 6 0m发酵滚筒处理能力为1 5 5t d ,垃圾停留时间可达到 73h ,发酵后垃圾实现了初步稳定