山东及邻近地区中小地震震源参数的测定

采用谱分析方法,利用山东数字地震台网的观测资料,计算了2004～2007年期间山东地区44次3级以上地震的波谱,估算了地震矩、拐角频率、应力降、震源破裂半径,讨论了各震源参数之间的相互关系以及拐角频率的时间分布特征。分析结果表明,地震矩与震级、地震矩与拐角频率、地震矩与震源破裂半径有明显的依赖关系。     

巨型减振结构体系风振效应的参数影响研究

巨型结构风激振动特性非常复杂,其动力性能受多种参数的影响。为合理考虑这些因素的影响,以某48层巨型钢结构为研究对象,针对无控、设置粘滞阻尼器和粘弹性阻尼器三种分析工况,系统研究了其在平均风和脉动风荷载共同作用下的动力响应。通过结构顺风向侧移响应、构件内力响应及顶层加速度响应等一系列数据,揭示了风速攻角、基本风压、附加阻尼比及二阶效应等对此类结构体系风振控制动力性能的影响规律与变化趋势,并依据分析结果对其抗风分析与设计提出了相应的建议,因而具有实用参考价值。     

Integrating Modeling and Field Experiments to Evaluate Impacts of Vegetative Practices on Ponderosa Pine Watersheds1

Abstract: Determining watershed response to vegetation treatment has been the subject of numerous hydrologic studies over the years. However, generalizing the information obtained from traditional paired‐watershed studies to other watersheds in a region is problematic because of the empirical nature of such studies and the context dependence of hydrologic responses. This paper addresses the issue of generalizing hydrologic information through integration of process‐based modeling and field observations from small‐scale watershed experiments. To this end, the results from application of a process‐based model were compared with the results from small‐scale watershed experiments in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona. The model simulated treatment impacts reasonably well when compared to the traditional paired‐watershed approach. However, the model tended to overestimate water yields during periods of low flow, and there was a significant difference between the two approaches in the estimation of treatment impacts during the first four years following treatment. The results indicate that the lumped‐parameter modeling approach used here may be limited in its ability to detect small changes, and tends to overestimate changes that occur immediately following treatment. It is concluded that watershed experiments can be highly informative due to their direct examination of cause‐effect relationships, while process‐based models are useful for their processing power and focus on functional relationships. The integrated use of both watershed experiments and process‐based models provides a way to generalize hydrologic information, illuminate the processes behind landscape treatment effects, and to generate and test hypotheses.     

Assessing Parameter Uncertainty of a Semi‐Distributed Hydrology Model for a Shallow Aquifer Dominated Environmental System

This paper examines the performance of a semi‐distributed hydrology model (i.e., Soil and Water Assessment Tool [SWAT]) using Sequential Uncertainty FItting (SUFI‐2), generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE), parameter solution (ParaSol), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). We applied SWAT to the Waccamaw watershed, a shallow aquifer dominated Coastal Plain watershed in the Southeastern United States (U.S.). The model was calibrated (2003‐2005) and validated (2006‐2007) at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations, using significant parameters related to surface hydrology, hydrogeology, hydraulics, and physical properties. SWAT performed best during intervals with wet and normal antecedent conditions with varying sensitivity to effluent channel shape and characteristics. In addition, the calibration of all algorithms depended mostly on Manning's n‐value for the tributary channels as the surface friction resistance factor to generate runoff. SUFI‐2 and PSO simulated the same relative probability distribution tails to those observed at an upstream outlet, while all methods (except ParaSol) exhibited longer tails at a downstream outlet. The ParaSol model exhibited large skewness suggesting a global search algorithm was less capable of characterizing parameter uncertainty. Our findings provide insights regarding parameter sensitivity and uncertainty as well as modeling diagnostic analysis that can improve hydrologic theory and prediction in complex watersheds. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

硝基苯甲酸结构对其在EPDM膜中萃取效果的影响

以3种取代基位置不同的硝基苯甲酸为研究对象,研究了辛醇/水分配系数、溶解度、摩尔体积、分子极化率和偶极矩5种结构参数对硝基苯甲酸在三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）膜中萃取效果的影响。实验结果表明：EPDM膜对硝基苯甲酸有一定的去除效果,邻、间、对硝基苯甲酸的去除率分别为27.1%、32.4%和41.6%;取代基位置的不同使硝基苯甲酸的去除效果出现差异,其疏水性越强越易在EPDM膜中溶解和渗透;硝基苯甲酸的去除率和透过率与其辛醇/水分配系数和分子极化率正相关,与溶解度负相关;硝基苯甲酸的去除率可用分子极化率和偶极矩两个结构参数进行预测。     

基于均匀实验设计的曝气池柔性设计方法

为了解决污水处理过程由于水质水量等不确定性参数偏离设计值所引发的问题,提出了一种基于均匀实验设计的曝气池柔性设计方法。该方法用均匀设计产生不确定性参数区域内具有代表性的不确定性情形,用因子设计生成应对这些情形的操作方案,在柔性瓶颈处通过直观分析寻找改进设计方案的策略。从案例研究可以看出,传统的没有系统化地考虑不确定性参数变化的设计方法,所设计的曝气池在一些不确定性情形下,可能无法正常运行,而本方法有助于避免这一缺陷。     

Quantized control settings based tuning of a heaving wave energy converter in irregular seas

The increasing awareness of environmental issues attracts more attention on environmentally friendly energy sources. This leads to increasing research on effective use of renewable energy sources. Among them, wave energy offers a high potential. The wave energy converter systems used for transforming the wave energy into electrical energy have been a main research topic for decades. However, only a few of these systems has been successfully implemented. There seems to be some technical problems one of which is on their control applications. It has been reported that by means of appropriate control implementation, the performance of the wave energy converter system could be improved considerably. In literature, many different control techniques are reported. They appear to be weak due to implementation related restrictions. The present study proposes a novel control technique that is far more practical based on quantization of control settings. Various quantization levels and their effect on system power capture performance are studied. The technique assumes use of realistic off-the-shelf components with realistic features. The proposed method utilizes time-series-analysis technique with online parameter estimation feature. This new method does not require any knowledge of previous or future states of any of the system or sea state parameters, but only the currently available and measurable ones. The approach of the new control technique sets it apart from most of the previously reported ones. Therefore, the proposed technique is not only very much practical but also very much useful in improvement of the system power performance relative to passive techniques.     

Residents' willingness to pay for improved liquid waste treatment in urban Ethiopia: results of choice experiment in Addis Ababa

This paper discusses residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved liquid waste treatment in Addis Ababa based on data collected in 2011 using random parameter logit model. Findings indicate that respondents are willing to contribute for improved liquid waste treatment with higher quantity and quality. Their mean WTP for the medium improvement scenario is found to be 15.53 ETB (0.93 USD) per month. The compensation surplus tends to increase from the status quo to the alternative scenarios with aggressive improvement. Finally, the paper concludes by indicating the socioeconomic difference across households, and sub-cities need to be considered in designing environmental protection plans for the city.     

Two-step hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to humic acid using hydrochar as intermediate

Converting biomass materials to humic acid is a sustainable method for humic acid production and achieve biomass valorization. A two-step hydrothermal treatment method was adopted in this study to produce humic acid from corn stalks. In the first step of the process, hydrochar was prepared at different hydrothermal temperatures and pH values. Their chemical properties were then analyzed, and the hydrochar-derived humic acids were produced under alkaline hydrothermal conditions (denoted as HHA_alk). The hydrochar, prepared under high temperature (200 °C) and strong acidic (pH 0) conditions, achieved high HHA_alk yields (i.e., 67.9 wt% and 68.8 wt% calculated based on weight of hydrochar). The sources of HHA_alk formation were as follows: 1) production in the hydrochar preparation stage, and 2) increment under the alkaline hydrothermal treatment of hydrochar. The degree of hydrochar unsaturation was suggested as an indicator for evaluating the hydrochar humification potential under alkaline hydrothermal conditions. This study provides an important reference for the preparation of suitable hydrochar with high hydrothermal humification potential.     

加油站安全监控预警系统研发与应用

加油站安全监控系统采用分散监控、集中管理与网络传输的监控策略,不仅可实现传统的视频监控和记录功能,还对加油站进出车辆情况、收费情况、设备运行情况以及加油站工作情况进行实时监视和记录;在可实现加油站现场安全参数(如温度、液位、可燃气体浓度等)的实时采集与处理,对在加油站内部及周边动态安全状况实时分析的基础上,根据警情设定自动作出相应的应急反应,如打开声光报警装置等;同时,对危险源可能发生的事故后果(包括死亡、重伤和轻伤等)进行模拟与分析,进而为事故的应急救援提供决策与支持。