在役压力容器安全操作思路探讨

压力容器是一种广泛使用的特殊设备，一旦使用不当或容器缺陷未及时处理，就有可能发生爆炸和介质泄漏事故。这些事故不仅危害操作人员安全，而且危及周围环境，发生易燃易爆介质的二次爆炸。合理有效地控制运行参数，是预防压力容器事故的重要途径。     

地震环境下不同重要性建筑的抗震设防水准

针对我国进行建筑物重要性分类时没有考虑地震环境影响的现实,采用地震危险性分析的方法将我国划分为地震危险性不同的3个区.同时,在采用调整设计基准期来标定建筑的重要性类别的基础上,利用地震动参数的危险性曲线,分析了不同重要性建筑在不同危险性特征分区内、不同设防概率水准(常遇、偶遇、罕遇地震)下的地震动参数(设防烈度、地震影响系数和地震地面运动加速度)的取值,最终证实调整结构的设计基准期并考虑地震环境的影响是标定结构的重要性从而调整设防等级的一种好方法.     

MODELING RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESS INCLUDING LOSSES1

ABSTRACT: Existing discrete, linear rainfall-runoff models generally require the effective rainfall of a given storm as the input for computing the runoff hydrograph. This paper proposes a method for estimating, simultaneously, the optimal values of model parameters and the rainfall losses frem the measured rainfall hyetograph and the runoff hydrograph. The method involves an ARMA model for the rainfall-runoff process and a nonlinear iterative technique. The number of model parameters to be estimated for the ARMA model is much less than the unit hydrograph model. Applications of the model to three different watersheds show that the computed runoff hydrographs agree well with the measurements.     

APPLICATION OF THE DR3M WATERSHED MODEL ON A SMALL URBAN BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Data collected at a 79-acre urban watershed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, were used to calibrate and verify the Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model, a parametric watershed model. Standard errors of estimate for the 38 calibration storms were 33 percent and 38 percent, respectively, for volumes and peaks; and for the 46 verification storms were 29 percent and 37 percent, respectively, for volumes and peaks. Correlation coefficients for peaks were 0.8 and 0.95, respectively, for calibration and verification storms.     

PERIODIC AUTOREGRESSIVE-MOVING AVERAGE (PARMA) MODELING WITH APPLICATIONS TO WATER RESOURCES1

Results involving correlation properties and parameter estimation for autoregressive-moving average models with periodic parameters are presented. A multivariate representation of the PARMA model is used to derive parameter space restrictions and difference equations for the periodic autocorrelations. Close approximation to the likelihood function for Gaussian PARMA processes results in efficient maximum-likelihood estimation procedures. Terms in the Fourier expansion of the parameters are sequentially included, and a selection criterion is given for determining the optimal number of harmonics to be included. Application of the techniques is demonstrated through analysis of a monthly streamflow time series.     

瓦斯爆炸事故有毒气体扩散及危险区域分析

针对瓦斯爆炸事故毒气扩散实际情况对高斯烟团模型进行改进,得出了适合井下瓦斯爆炸事故毒气扩散规律的公式,并对公式中的扩散参数进行了修正。按照井下瓦斯爆炸事故频发区的几种典型巷道,拟合了距爆源处大于300m情况下的毒气传播规律公式。依据该公式划分了瓦斯爆炸事故毒气扩散死亡区、重伤区、轻伤区,为瓦斯爆炸事故安全评价提供了理论基础。     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

狮泉河盆地风沙灾害成因及其防治

高寒干旱的气候、强劲的风力和富含易蚀物质的地表条件,孕育了狮泉河盆地剧烈的风沙灾害。狮泉河盆地风沙灾害治理工程由砾石沙障、防护林带、人工草地和灌溉工程组成。根据砾石沙障和林带防风阻沙效果的风洞模拟实验,以及戈壁风沙流的现场测定,砾石沙障走向确定为351.1°(与盆地主害风向的夹角为77°),高度为1.2 m,沙障间距为12H。防护林带与砾石沙障平行配置,选用当地适宜生长的班公柳为造林树种,采用疏透度为0.5~0.8的通风结构,林带间距为43.2 m。平行沙障和林带的合理配置,可以将工程区的风力控制在起沙风速以下。砾石沙障和防护林带间建设人工草地。     

加速度场中六维力传感器研制

针对加速度场中惯性效应对六维力测量的影响,提出一体化平面结构的六维力传感器设计思想,从传感器结构设计、标定方法等方面进行了详细介绍,为解决多维加速度场中六维力的测量问题和综合离心试验所需多维力传感器设计提供理论与方法指导。     

活性污泥一号模型参数影响的分析研究

自从国际水质污染与控制协会（IAWQ）推出的活性污泥数学模型ASM系列以来,活性污泥工艺中的动力学过程得到了更精确的描述。通过对活性污泥一号模型（ASM1）的诸多参数文献值进行了分析研究,从中筛选出对模拟结果影响较大的部分,并做出灵敏度分析,为模拟研究和污水处理实际控制提供帮助。研究发现pH、Ks、bH、KH、Kx和YH对于出水中有机物影响较大,bH、YH、bA、μA、K0A、KNH和YA对氮组分的影响较大;bH和YH对硝酸盐氮降解影响较大。