分子连接性指数(mJ)与有机物毒性的相关性

定义原子特征值δ     

一级动力学反应方程参数估计中若干问题的讨论

在农药的环境行为研究中,常用一级动力学反应方程来模拟农药的降解或残留。本文论述了用线性回归分析法估计一级化学动力学方程参数时存在的初始浓度飘移和非本义最优化问题,讨论了与此相关联的试验设置、安全间隔期、分段模拟和试验数据处理等问题,提出了解决问题的初步设想。     

脱硫石膏液相法生产高强度α-石膏的工艺研究

脱硫石膏是火电厂烟气脱硫副产物,由于其粒径较细、颗粒分配不均,煅烧生产比天然石膏困难,而液相法工艺适合脱硫石膏生产高强度α-石膏。对脱硫石膏液相法生产高强度α-石膏的工艺参数进行了研究,通过对反应转晶剂添加量、转化温度、压力及反应时间等参数调整,得到了脱硫石膏生产的合理参数。     

不同来源废水COD、TOC与Cl^-的关系

通过对含盐化工废水（A）、受潮汐影响的河流水（B）、城市生活污水处理厂排水（C）、采油废水（D）4种不同来源废水进行为期15 d的采样监测,测定了其COD、TOC和Cl^-浓度,分析比较了3种废水指标之间的关系,其中COD分别使用重铬酸钾法、氯气校正法和碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法3种方法进行测定。实验结果表明,4种废水Cl^-浓度差异较大,盐化工废水A（21749 mg/L）〉采油废水D（7013 mg/L）〉受潮汐影响的河流水B（1807 mg/L）〉城市生活污水处理厂排水C（977 mg/L）;在15 d的监测周期内,盐化工废水（A）的TOC波动较大,其余3种废水的TOC浓度基本保持稳定,与Cl^-浓度变化没有直接的关系;4种不同废水的COD与Cl^-浓度之间具有显著的正相关性。通过分析比较表明,碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法比较适合于盐化工废水（A）和采油废水（D）的测定,氯气校正法比较适合于城市生活污水处理厂排水（C）和采油废水（D）的测定,受潮汐影响的河流水样（B）波动较大,3种方法测得的COD浓度与Cl^-浓度的变化趋势没有显著差异。TOC较适合表征水质有机污染程度。     

Reducing Streamflow Forecast Uncertainty: Application and Qualitative Assessment of the Upper Klamath River Basin,Oregon1

Abstract: The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700‐hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt‐dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980‐2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995‐2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high‐, medium‐, and low‐PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high‐PIG years (low‐flow years).     

A Study of Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) Based Films

Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) blends in two different ratios (60:40 and 50:50) were prepared with glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were cast by a solution casting method. One set of films were filled with 10 wt% of bentonite clay and another set of films were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline medium. The prepared film samples were characterized with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The presence of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin was found to have considerable effect on the dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of the films. Intercomponent H-bonding between starch, Poly(vinylalcohol) and glycerol enhanced the thermal stability of the films. But incorporation of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin enhanced the steric crowding and lowered the thermal stability of the films.     

筑坝反滤料动模量和阻尼比试验的颗粒流模拟

以筑坝反滤料的室内中型动三轴试验结果为基础,运用离散单元法中的二维颗粒流方法建立了轴对称数值试样模型,通过控制加荷过程中试样体积不变的方法,模拟了不排水加载条件下反滤料的动模量和阻尼比试验。调整颗粒的细观接触参数,与真实试验结果进行比较分析,在得到符合实际结果的宏观力学响应的同时,分析了配位数、孔隙率和超孔隙水压的变化,并从微观角度对动三轴试验进行了探讨。讨论了固结比和密实度对动模量的影响,认为粗粒反滤料的固结比对最大动模量的影响比较符合H ard in推导公式的结果。结果表明,颗粒流方法可以较好地模拟反滤料的动模量和阻尼比试验,试验过程中微观方面的表现也符合实际室内试验的规律。     

Evaluation of Dynamically Dimensioned Search Algorithm for Optimizing SWAT by Altering Sampling Distributions and Searching Range

The primary advantage of Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) algorithm is that it outperforms other optimization techniques in both convergence speed and searching ability for parameter sets that satisfy statistical guidelines while requiring only one algorithm parameter (perturbation factor) in the optimization process. Conventionally, a default value of 0.2 is used as the perturbation factor, where a normal distribution is applied with mean sampling distribution of zero and variance of one. However, the perturbation factor sensitivity to the performance of DDS for watershed modeling is still unknown. The fixed‐form sampling distribution may result in finding parameters at the local scale rather than global in the sampling space. In this study, the efficiency of DDS was evaluated by altering the perturbation factor (from 0.05 to 1.00) and the selection of sampling distribution (normal and uniform) on hydrologic and water quality predictions in a lowland agricultural watershed in Texas, United States. Results show that the use of altered perturbation factor may cause variations in convergence speed or the ability to find better solutions. In addition, DDS results were found to be very sensitive to sampling distribution selections, where DDS‐N (normal distribution) outperformed DDS‐U (uniform distribution) in all case scenarios. The choice of sampling distributions could be the potential major factor to be attributed for the performance of auto‐calibration techniques for watershed simulation models.     

大空间建筑火灾下钢索的力学反应参数分析

钢索在大空间建筑火灾升温条件下的力学反应是评价索网结构抗火性能的关键依据。基于非线性有限元方法,建立了钢索在高温下的力学分析模型,模拟了大空间建筑火灾升温历程中钢索力学反应全过程,用参数分析方法得到影响钢索在火灾升温历程中力学反应的关键因素。结果表明:在大空间建筑火灾升温历程中,钢索的水平张力呈下降的趋势;随着钢索的预应力比增加、温度场非均匀性的增强和跨度的增加,其水平张力下降速率增大;荷载比的增加对水平张力下降速率影响较小。上述结论与钢索水平张力的解析解一致,可为索网结构抗火性能分析提供参考。     

黄土边坡动力响应分析

运用有限差分软件FLAC3D,建立了某一黄土边坡三维模型,首先对其在地震作用下的动力响应规律进行了总结,然后探讨了地震动参数对黄土边坡动力响应的影响。结果表明:黄土边坡对地震波存在垂直放大和临空面放大作用;当输入地震波振幅或频率增加时,坡面监测点加速度放大系数随坡高增加呈"增加→衰减→增加"的三段形态;速度放大系数随坡高的增大而增大,并在坡顶达到最大值;位移放大系数随振幅和频率的增加而增加;地震持时对加速度、速度峰值的影响不大,但坡体位移随持时的增加而显著增加。强震作用下的最大剪应变增量区域的位置和形状表明,黄土边坡的破坏模式仍是沿着某一弧形潜在滑动面失稳破坏。研究结果有助于进一步揭示黄土边坡在地震作用下的失稳机制,为黄土地区边坡抗震设计与防灾减灾提供参考。