几种生物脱氮新工艺的比较

目前已经发现了2种微生物脱氯新途径：一是根据好氧氨氧化菌具有反硝化能力，从而在一定条件下反硝化脱氯：二是在功能微生物的作用下，亚硝酸盐与氨离子一起厌氧氨氧化，并且发现了厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧氨氧化菌或甲烷菌能协同耦合在一种有利的微生态环境中。基于以上新途径提出了几种生物脱氟新工艺，包括了：SHARON、ANAMMOX、SHARON—ANAMMOX、CANON、OLAND、NOX工艺、需氧反氨化工艺（Aerobic deammonification）、甲烷化与厌氧氨氧化耦舍工艺。     

pH校正最小二乘紫外分光光度法同时测定喹啉异喹啉和萘

利用ｐＨ校正最小二乘算法（ｐＨ—ＣＬＳ）对焦化废水中的喹啉、异喹啉、萘三组分进行了同时测定。在２９０～３４０ｎｍ范围内苯酚、三甲基吡啶及苯系物不干优测定。ｐＨ—ＣＬＳ法既可简化分析步骤又可提高准确度。     

紫外差分光学吸收法测量污染气体的实验研究

采用差分光学吸收光谱法，对紫外波段的SO2、NO、NO2污染气体吸收光谱进行了测量．得到了紫外波段的差分吸收截面．提出的分波段计算方法对混合气体测量的误差达到15％以内，测量精度与所选测量波段有关．     

低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性的影响

为提高短程硝化反硝化脱氮效率,采用低强度超声对短程硝化反应进行强化,通过对比氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生产量,考察低强度超声对短程硝化污泥活性影响。首先,通过对超声能量的优化试验,发现低强度超声能够提升短程硝化污泥反应速率,且超声能量为43.20 kJ时氨氧化率和亚硝酸盐生成量最大;然后考察超声能量与污泥浓度的关系。结果表明:1)在相同超声能量(43.20 kJ)条件下,随着污泥质量浓度(0.34~1.03 g VSS/L)增加,能量密度降低,反应速率不断提高;2)保持污泥浓度恒定,增加超声能量,发现在43.20 kJ时短程硝化污泥活性最好,氨氧化速率比对照组提高25.42%,继续增加能量后去除速率开始下降,原因是适宜的能量会增加微生物细胞壁和细胞膜的通透性,加快基质传递和反应速率,提高微生物活性,但当所施加能量超出其所能承受范围,则会对微生物内部产生损害,降低其活性;3)考察超声能量对胞外聚合物浓度和酶活性影响,在43.20 kJ条件下,多糖、蛋白质和胞外聚合物(EPS)浓度分别提高了18.32%、26.54%和22.05%,氨单加氧酶活性增加19.82%。研究表明,由于低强度超声作用加快胞外聚合物分泌,增加生物酶活性,进而促进了短程硝化污泥反应速率。     

Dynamic temperature model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell using online variations in load current and ambient temperature

This paper presents a dynamic temperature model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. The proposed model overcomes the complexity of conventional models using first-order expressions consisting of load current and ambient temperature. The proposed model also incorporates a PEMFC cooling system, which depends upon the temperature difference between events. A dynamic algorithm is developed to detect load changing events and calculate instantaneous PEMFC temperature variations. The parameters of the model are extracted by employing the lightning search algorithm (LSA). The temperature characteristics of the NEXA 1.2 kW PEMFC system are experimentally studied to validate model performance. The results show that the proposed model output and the temperature data obtained from experiments for linear and abrupt changes in PEMFC load current are in agreement. The root-mean-square error between the model output and experimental results is less than 0.9. Moreover, the proposed model outperforms the conventional models and provides advantages such as simplicity and adaptability for low and high sampling data rates of input variables, namely, load current and ambient temperature. The model is not only helpful for simulations but also suitable for dynamic real-time controllers and emulators.     

Evaluation of desiccant wheel and prime mover as combined cooling,heating, and power system

In this research heating, cooling and electrical demands of a residential tower are evaluated for Iran various weather conditions. For this purpose, several cities are selected as the representative of the specific weather conditions. To meet the cooling demand, desiccant cooling system plus alternative systems are applied. To analyze desiccant wheel, outlet humidity and temperature have been modeled. Also, the effect of rotational speed and regeneration temperature on entropy generation of the desiccant wheel has been studied based on the obtained results. It is deduced that the entropy generation may be increased by increasing the regeneration temperature and the rotational speed. To regenerate the desiccant wheel, to meet the electrical demand and also to provide heating load, prime mover in the form of internal combustion engine is selected. Since prime movers do not operate in the full load, their performance in the partial load has been evaluated. By taking into consideration the required regeneration heating, the number of required prime movers has been calculated based on the regeneration temperature and partial load for each city. The results show that the number of required prime movers is increased by increasing the regeneration temperature of the wheel.     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属污染影响因素分析——基于STIRPAT模型

为探究人类活动对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属污染的影响,于2017年10月在鄱阳湖入口、出口及湖区布设20个采样点位,开展鄱阳湖沉积物重金属表层及垂向分布特征调查,评价其潜在生态风险.利用¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb计年法推算出鄱阳湖沉积物的平均沉积速率,并结合柱状分层样品重金属含量,得出具体年代的重金属蓄积特性.基于STIRPAT模型,通过偏最小二乘回归分析得到鄱阳湖沉积物重金属演变与总人口数量、城镇化率、实际人均GDP、绿色专利申请数、第二产业占比、第三产业占比6种社会经济指标的多元非线性模型.结果表明：（1）鄱阳湖表层沉积物重金属Cu污染最为严重且生态风险程度最高, 地累积指数为“强”或“中-强”污染范畴,单因子潜在生态风险指数平均值为47.25,属于“中等”生态风险.整个湖区的总潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为107.07,表明鄱阳湖表层沉积物重金属总体处于低生态危害水平.（2）1988~2017年总人口数量是影响鄱阳湖沉积物重金属Cd和Cu污染的最主要正向因素,其他正向因素为第二产业占比、第三产业占比、城镇化率及实际人均GDP,绿色专利申请数所反映出的区域绿色技术创新能力及环保研发投入对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属Cd、Cu污染具有负相关关系.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

污水处理厂SNAD工艺小试

在污水处理厂室外,以A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)生物滤柱反应器.反应器启动成功后,进水中投加葡萄糖作为有机碳源,启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺,研究SNAD生物滤柱处理城市生活污水的效果.结果表明,第119～128 d,CANON工艺氨氮去除率大于95%,最大出水总氮浓度为13. 0 mg·L~(-1),超过了北京市地标一级A排放标准.第129 d在进水中投加葡萄糖30 mg·L~(-1)启动SNAD工艺,第133～187 d时SNAD工艺总氮去除率在85%左右,出水总氮浓度为5. 5～7. 3 mg·L~(-1).第195d观察到滤柱出现堵塞现象,在第196 d对反应器进行反冲洗,反冲洗后的30d期间,反应器总氮去除率大于85%,出水总氮浓度维持在6. 2～7. 2 mg·L~(-1).与CANON工艺相比,SNAD工艺提高了总氮去除率,将出水总氮浓度降低了6 mg·L~(-1),使出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到北京市地标一级A标准.     

上流双层填料单级自养脱氮反应器启动与运行

通过接种亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化污泥,以无机高氨氮（110~130mg/L）废水为对象,研究上流式双层填料反应器的启动与运行.反应器上层与下层分别以沸石和聚氨酯海绵作为填料,启动两种填料高度比分别为2：3和3：2的1号和2号反应器,历时139d成功建立自养脱氮系统.结果表明,1号反应器最高总氮去除率达84.4%,2号最高总氮去除率达81.8%,总氮去除负荷分别达0.15,0.14kgN/（m³·d）.进水未添加有机碳源时,2号△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N一直稳定在特征值0.11附近,自养脱氮系统更为稳定.在添加有机碳源情况下,2个反应器总氮去除率都得到提升,△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N也更为稳定.说明一定浓度的有机物能强化系统稳定运行,提高系统脱氮性能.反冲洗稳定后,1号反应器出水NO₃^--N由未反冲洗前的17.61mg/L降低到10mg/L以下,说明适当的反冲洗可以有效恢复反应器运行,反冲洗与NOB抑制手段相结合能更好地维持反应器的长期稳定运行.