基于不同废污泥源的短程反硝化快速启动及稳定性

为探究不同废污泥源快速启动短程反硝化和实现稳定NO_2~--N积累的可行性,在3个完全相同的SBR反应器(S1、S2和S3)分别接种:实验室城市污水反硝化除磷系统排泥、城市污水厂剩余污泥及河涌底泥,比较其短程反硝化启动快慢和NO_2~--N积累特性,考察系统短程反硝化活性和NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N转化性能,并从微生物学角度分析反应器功能菌群特征.结果表明,在乙酸钠为唯一碳源、高碱度和适宜COD/NO_3~--N比进水条件下,3个SBR短程反硝化反应器在短时间内均能够成功启动,系统平均NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N转化率为S1 S2 S3(75. 92% 73. 36% 69. 90%).同时发现持续低温条件下S1和S2呈现不同程度的短程反硝化性能恶化趋势,但S3能够稳定维持良好NO_2~--N积累性能.微生物高通量测序表明,变形菌门和拟杆菌门居PD系统主导地位,3个短程反硝化反应器NO_2~--N积累关键功能菌属Thauera属丰度差异明显:S3 S1 S2(25. 09% 4. 71% 3. 60%),表明S3具备稳定高效的NO_2~--N积累性能,同时高丰度Thauera属可能是维持低温短程反硝化活性的重要原因.     

Insights into the mechanism of the deterioration of mainstream partial nitritation/anammox under low residual ammonium

Residual ammonium is a critical parameter affecting the stability of mainstream partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, mainstream PN/A was established and operated with progressively decreasing residual ammonium. PN/A deteriorated as the residual ammonium decreased to below 5 mg/L, and this was paralleled by a significant loss in anammox activity in situ and an increasing nitrite oxidation rate. Further analysis revealed that the low-ammonium condition directly decreased anammox activity in situ via two distinct mechanisms. First, anammox bacteria were located in the inner layer of the granular sludge, and thus were disadvantageous when competing for ammonium with ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in the outer layer. Second, the complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox) was enriched at low residual ammonium concentrations because of its high ammonium affinity. Both AOB and comammox presented kinetic advantages over anammox bacteria. At high residual ammonium concentrations, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were effectively suppressed, even when their maximum activity was high due to competition for nitrite with anammox bacteria. At low residual ammonium concentrations, the decrease in anammox activity in situ led to an increase in nitrite availability for nitrite oxidation, facilitating the activation of NOB despite the dissolved oxygen limitation (0.15–0.35 mg/L) for NOB persisting throughout the operation. Therefore, the deterioration of mainstream PN/A at low residual ammonium was primarily triggered by a decline in anammox activity in situ. This study provides novel insights into the optimized design of mainstream PN/As in engineering applications.     

Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.     

供水管网铁释放的影响因素相对重要性分析

供水管网的铁释放问题近年来日益受到关注.影响供水管网铁释放的因素众多,本研究选取了pH、溶解氧(DO)、碱度(Alk)、硬度、氯离子(Cl~-)、硫酸根(SO_4~(2-))、温度(T)和水力停留时间(HRT)这8个影响因素,利用逐步回归和偏相关分析,建立了铁释放的非线性幂指数模型,并用标准化回归系数和偏相关系数比较了这些因素的相对重要性.结果表明,铁释放模型拟合效果良好;用标准化回归系数衡量影响因素相对重要性时,SO_4~(2-)、HRT、Cl~-和T是相对重要的因素,相对重要性排序为SO_4~(2-)≈HRTCl~-T;用偏相关系数衡量时,HRT、SO_4~(2-)、Alk、Cl~-和T是相对重要的因素,排序为HRTSO_4~(2-)AlkCl~-T.综合两种系数的分析结果,HRT、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-是本研究条件下相对重要的因素,T和Alk的相对重要性视实际情况变动.     

自养脱氮污泥的亚硝化活性恢复策略

为考察自养脱氮污泥亚硝化活性快速恢复的策略,在3个反应器内分别采用不同的方法对经过长期冷冻保存后的污泥进行了恢复活性的研究.其中R1为MBR(膜生物反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)连续流恢复策略;R2为SBR(序批式反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)间歇流恢复策略;R3为SBR,采用低ρ(NH₄+-N)预培养-高曝气-低ρ(DO)运行三阶段的恢复策略.结果表明,R1的恢复时间为46 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到4.99 mg/(h·g)(以N计),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.43 g/L;R2的恢复时间为39 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到4.61 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到4.47 g/L;R3的恢复时间为48 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到5.64 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.16 g/L. 3个反应器均能长期抑制亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的活性,使亚硝化稳定运行. 3个反应器中,R3恢复所需时间最长,但污泥活性最好; R1中的污泥活性较低,但是膜组件有效截留了污泥,达到了最高的ρ(MLSS).研究显示,通过厌氧预培养后转为膜生物反应器连续流运行的策略,可有助于污泥的极大保留及污泥活性的最大恢复.      

中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮效果的影响

通过接种成熟的亚硝化膜和厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了中常温变化对PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率的影响及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,常温下能够实现PN-ANAMMOX联合脱氮,并且脱氮速率达到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).但是PN过程亚硝化速率下降,ANAMMOX菌活性未得到充分发挥,导致PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺脱氮速率远低于中温条件下的1.75kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水水质较差.温度的上升易导致NOB的快速生长,PN过程失稳,但是通过增加回流量可对NOB的活性进行有效地控制.QPCR分析结果进一步表明接种中温环境下的AOB和ANAMMOX微生物在常温条件下不利于生长,出现部分死亡;当恢复到中温的环境时,相应的功能微生物出现了快速地生长.因此,在PN-ANAMMOX联合工艺的运行过程中应尽可能地满足功能微生物适宜的温度.     

MUCT工艺全程硝化和短程硝化模式下反硝化除磷研究

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际生活污水,研究在全程硝化及短程硝化模式下系统的反硝化除磷性能.MUCT反应器在常温下运行180 d,结果表明,采用低DO和短水力停留时间(HRT)实现了短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率达到70%以上.系统表现出较好的反硝化除磷性能,短程硝化期间磷的去除率和反硝化除磷率分别为90%和91%,全程硝化期间磷的去除率和反硝化除磷率分别为60%和88%.虽然短程硝化模式下磷的去除效果明显优于全程硝化模式,但荧光原位杂交(FISH)试验结果表明,2种模式下污泥中PAOs占总菌群的比例基本相同,平均为37%.COD去除效果稳定,试验期间出水COD均低于50 mg.L-1.不同硝化模式下污泥的批次试验表明:短程硝化期间,以NO2--N作为电子受体为主的反硝化除磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例和全程硝化期间以NO3--N作为电子受体为主的反硝化除磷菌的比例相比没有明显变化,平均为38%;与全程硝化时期相比,短程硝化阶段对有限碳源的利用率更高,磷的去除效果更好.短程硝化模式下的反硝化除磷更有利于低碳源污水的处理.     

臭氧污染对不同品种小麦养分吸收与分配的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)污染会危害植物生长,势必间接影响氮素吸收利用.本研究利用开放式臭氧污染(Free-air O3 concentration enrichment,O3FACE)研究平台,研究了大气O3浓度增加(比周围大气高50％)对长江三角洲地区5个冬小麦(Tritcium aestivum L.)主栽品种(扬麦15、扬麦16、烟农19、扬幅麦2号和嘉兴002)的物质积累、氮素吸收与分配的影响.结果显示,O3浓度升高对秸秆和籽粒的影响远大于根系.烟农19、嘉兴002和扬麦16的产量因O3浓度升高而减少,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号产量则变化不大.扬幅麦2号与嘉兴002的秸秆干物重因O3浓度升高而显著增加,扬麦15与烟农19分别呈增大与降低趋势,而扬麦16则无变化表明O3污染对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响存在品种差异.O3浓度升高影响氮素在小麦根、秸秆和籽粒中的含量与分配趋势,但影响程度因品种而异.O3浓度升高导致扬幅麦2号的总吸氮量显著增加30.6％及烟农19的总吸氮量呈增加趋势,并使嘉兴002的总吸氮量显著降低34.8％及扬麦16总吸氮量呈降低趋势,但扬麦15的总吸氮量则不受影响.除扬麦15外,O3浓度升高具有减少籽粒氮占总氮比例的趋势,表明小麦响应O3污染对氮素吸收与分配调整机制存在品种差异.扬麦16、烟农19和嘉兴002的氮肥偏生产力因O3浓度升高而显著降低,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号则无明显变化.扬麦16和嘉兴002的氮肥利用率因O3浓度升高显著降低,而扬幅麦2号呈增加趋势,扬麦15、烟农19呈降低趋势.综合来看,小麦扬麦15抗O3污染能力强于其它品种,而嘉兴002则最易遭受臭氧污染危害.评价O3污染对小麦干物质与产量的形成与分配、氮素在植物-土壤系统周转的影响应综合考虑品种差异.     

高氨氮废水与城市生活污水短程硝化系统菌群比较

短程硝化是污水脱氮工艺中的重要环节,系统中的菌群结构决定了其处理效果.为探讨短程硝化系统中的微生物对不同污水的适应性,利用细菌16S rDNA克隆文库、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和定量PCR分析方法对高氨氮废水和城市生活污水短程硝化系统中活性污泥的细菌群落结构、总体微生物的多样性以及功能微生物进行了比较.克隆文库结果表明两个系统中细菌群落结构明显不同,城市生活污水中细菌种类更丰富,但两个系统的优势菌群都属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete).磷脂脂肪酸分析结果显示高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数明显低于城市生活污水.定量PCR结果表明,高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的数量都多于城市生活污水短程硝化系统;高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高3个数量级,而城市生活污水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高2个数量级.