油酸钠对餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响

为了研究餐厨垃圾油脂中含有的长链脂肪酸(主要是油酸)对两相厌氧发酵中利用乙酸产甲烷过程的影响,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵,以浓度为10 g·L~(-1)的餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷相出水为接种液,以乙酸为底物,考察了添加不同浓度油酸钠对累积甲烷产量、产甲烷古菌数量以及发酵过程中乙酸代谢和氢气分压的影响.结果表明:1产甲烷延滞期随油酸钠浓度增加而延长.2油酸钠浓度低于6.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组经过延滞期后乙酸代谢恢复正常,可以完全被转化为甲烷,且部分油酸钠也可被转化为甲烷;油酸钠浓度高于8.0 g·L~(-1)的处理组乙酸代谢受到严重抑制,只有少量甲烷生成;油酸钠生成中间代谢产物,且甲烷转化率为0.3油酸钠对厌氧发酵中产甲烷古菌有严重的抑制作用,产甲烷古菌数量大幅度减少是乙酸代谢过程受到抑制的主要原因.4油酸钠的添加量超过6.0 g·L~(-1)时,在发酵初期会引起产甲烷相中氢分压的升高,也证实了油酸钠对厌氧发酵的抑制作用.     

Operator dermal exposure and protection provided by personal protective equipment and working coveralls during mixing/loading,application and sprayer cleaning in vineyards

The efficiency of a working coverall combined with personal protective equipment to protect operators against dermal exposure to plant protection products under field conditions was studied. Operators wore a non-certified water-repellent finish polyester/cotton coverall plus a certified gown during the mixing/loading and the cleaning phases. Insecticide foliar application to a vineyard was selected as the exposure scenario. The overall dermal residue levels measured in this study were in the range of data recently collected in Europe. The water-repellent finish working coverall reduced body exposure by a factor of approximately 95%. Wearing a Category III Type 3 partial body gown during mixing/loading and cleaning of the application equipment led to a further protective effect of 98.7%. The combination of a water-repellent finish working coverall and partial body protection during specific tasks provided satisfactory levels of protection and can be considered as suitable protection for the conditions of use studied.     

Valuing biodiversity: reality or mirage?

The objective of this paper was to consider the social value ofbiological diversity and explore if this value could be expressedin terms of a unidimensional metric in money. Economics distinguishes between use-values and non-use-values, which are critically evaluated for valuing biodiversity. It is shown that these utility-based valuations have severe limitations as they treat species in isolation from their ecological contexts. In contrast, ecosystem ecology regards ecosystems as an integratednon-linear and nonconvex system in which ecosystem functions canbe understood as a four-component cycle; exploitation, accumulation of biomass, creative destruction and renewal. Withinsuch a cycle, ecosystems can be seen to have two properties: stability and resilience. A good proxy for resilience is the probability of extinction of species, and social value of biodiversity can be expressed as a partial ordering with thisprobability as an index. This approach is consistent with decision theory, of which social choice is an important component, pioneered by Arrow.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺

厌氧氨氧化(ANaerobicAMMonium OXidation,缩写为ANAMMOX)指的是在缺氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氧化为氮气的过程.该过程由一类独特的、被称为"厌氧氨氧化菌"的专性厌氧微生物催化完成.作为细菌域浮霉菌门的成员,厌氧氨氧化菌具有与普通原核细菌显著不同的细胞结构;更重要的是,厌氧氨氧化在氮循环中扮演重要角色,并在污水处理领域显示出良好的应用潜力:厌氧氨氧化联合短程硝化非常适合处理高氨氮低碳废水.在一段式的CANON(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite)厌氧氨氧化工艺中,好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在氧限制的单个反应器内协同去除氨氮,这在节省反应器空间的同时对系统内功能菌群的优化调控提出了更高的要求.本文重点介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性以及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺的最新进展.     

中试一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与区域特性

通过好氧区接种亚硝化悬浮填料,厌氧区接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥和普通厌氧污泥研究了中试规模下一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动与区域特性.结果表明,历时74 d成功启动中试一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器,整体氮去除速率由0.02 kg·(m3·d)-1上升至0.48 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,可达到快速启动的效果,接种ANAMMOX污泥的比例与活性是实现PN-ANAMMOX反应器快速启动的关键因素;对两区域氮素转化特性分析表明,好氧区中AOB一直处于优势地位,NOB受到DO和基质的双重抑制,亚硝化效果稳定,NPRa由0.22 kg·(m3·d)-1上升到0.58 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,NAPa随着厌氧区脱氮能力的提升可达95%以上;厌氧区为一体式PN-ANAMMOX反应器的关键性区域,NRRana由0.02 kg·(m3·d)-1上升至4.7 kg·(m3·d)-1左右,期间中常温(温度由32℃下降至27℃)的变化首先对厌氧区产生影响,NRRana下降至3.7kg·(m3·d)-1左右,降低约21%,而对好氧区影响不大;在长时间运行下,两区域均可实现大量ANAMMOX菌的富集,此时好氧区也具有一定的脱氮能力,厌氧区则起强化脱氮的作用.     

内循环半短程亚硝化工艺运行条件与微生物群落研究

在内循环半短程亚硝化工艺中,污泥浓度为4 000 mg·L-1、溶解氧小于0.2 mg·L-1、温度(15~29℃)、水力停留时间4.6 h条件下,不同的回流比对系统中微生物群落有着明显的影响,回流比75%时,微生物的生物量达到最高值,出水中的亚硝态氮和氨氮的浓度比可控制在1.定量PCR和16S rRNA基因的克隆文库结果表明:在低溶解氧浓度下氨氧化菌是主要脱氮菌群,该菌群促进了半短程亚硝化反应的进行,与传统的硝化系统比较,在内循环半短程亚硝化工艺中没有检测到硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira)和硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter),在内循环半短程亚硝化系统中浮霉菌属(Planctomycetes)的量也高于传统的脱氮系统.氨单加氧酶基因克隆文库结果表明,系统中的氨氧化菌群主要属于亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).因此内循环半短程亚硝化工艺在经济和技术上是可行的.     

HCO3-对部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺脱氮效能的影响

利用已经启动并达到稳定运行的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究了HCO-3对部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当C/N比由2降低到0.17时,因HCO-3投加量的限制,亚硝化区和厌氧氨氧化区p H值大幅下降,从而导致各区域氮素转化效能受限.联合工艺的氮去除速率由1.3 kg·(m3·d)-1下降到0.40 kg·(m3·d)-1,下降幅度达到69.3%.在联合脱氮工艺运行过程中,降低HCO-3对亚硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和硝化细菌活性的影响依次下降.当C/N比恢复到1时,联合工艺的脱氮效能很快恢复到1 kg·(m3·d)-1,说明短期内HCO-3限制对联合工艺氮素转化效能的影响能够快速恢复.通过拟合后发现,进水C/N比值与联合工艺脱氮效能存在明显的相关性.     

活性污泥法和生物膜法SBR工艺亚硝化启动和稳定运行性能对比

在室温(25℃)条件下,同时启动活性污泥和生物膜SBR亚硝化反应器并稳定运行后,探究延长水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)对两工艺性能破坏与恢复的影响.结果表明,活性污泥反应器更易启动亚硝化,但当DO为2~2.5 mg·L~(-1)时亚硝化被破坏,且通过降低DO至0.5~1 mg·L~(-1)可恢复性能,而生物膜则基本不受DO影响.延长HRT均会破坏两种工艺的稳定运行,活性污泥法相比于生物膜法,其抵抗力较差但缩短HRT后恢复性能快于生物膜法.随后不断降低温度(20、15、10℃),探究DO和温度对亚硝化稳定的协同作用,结果表明温度的降低会破坏亚硝化的稳定运行,但通过DO浓度的降低可以弥补温度降低带来的不利影响,另外发现在温度大于20℃时,活性污泥法实现亚硝化速率优于生物膜法,而在低温条件(15℃以下),生物膜法更容易实现亚硝化的稳定运行,活性污泥法在10℃时,几乎没有处理氨氮的能力.通过分子微生物学分析证实了以上结论,并且发现在并不完全淘洗净NOB的条件下,也可以实现亚硝化的稳定运行.