富氧条件下氢部分选择性催化还原NO研究

研制成功了低钯含量活性非均布Pd Al2 O3催化剂 ,实现了富氧条件下 ,氢部分选择性催化还原NO过程。实验表明在该催化剂上 ,低温、富氧条件下NO的转化率高达 80 %～ 10 0 %。室温下 (～ 2 0℃ ) ,NO对氢氧反应有强烈的抑制作用 ,氢氧反应进行后 ,NO还原反应开始明显进行 ,其与氢氧反应为竞争的平行反应     

Multiple indicators, partially ordered sets, and linear extensions: Multi-criterion ranking and prioritization

This paper is concerned with the question of ranking a finite collection of objects when a suite of indicator values is available for each member of the collection. The objects can be represented as a cloud of points in indicator space, but the different indicators (coordinate axes) typically convey different comparative messages and there is no unique way to rank the objects while taking all indicators into account. A conventional solution is to assign a composite numerical score to each object by combining the indicator information in some fashion. Consciously or otherwise, every such composite involves judgments (often arbitrary or controversial) about tradeoffs or substitutability among indicators. Rather than trying to combine indicators, we take the view that the relative positions in indicator space determine only a partial ordering and that a given pair of objects may not be inherently comparable. Working with Hasse diagrams of the partial order, we study the collection of all rankings that are compatible with the partial order (linear extensions). In this way, an interval of possible ranks is assigned to each object. The intervals can be very wide, however. Noting that ranks near the ends of each interval are usually infrequent under linear extensions, a probability distribution is obtained over the interval of possible ranks. This distribution, called the rank-frequency distribution, turns out to be unimodal (in fact, log-concave) and represents the degree of ambiguity involved in attempting to assign a rank to the corresponding object. Stochastic ordering of probability distributions imposes a partial order on the collection of rank-frequency distributions. This collection of distributions is in one-to-one correspondence with the original collection of objects and the induced ordering on these objects is called the cumulative rank-frequency (CRF) ordering; it extends the original partial order. Although the CRF ordering need not be linear, it can be iterated to yield a fixed point of the CRF operator. We hypothesize that the fixed points of the CRF operator are exactly the linear orderings. The CRF operator treats each linear extension as an equal voter in determining the CRF ranking. It is possible to generalize to a weighted CRF operator by giving linear extensions differential weights either on mathematical grounds (e.g., number of jumps) or empirical grounds (e.g., indicator concordance). Explicit enumeration of all possible linear extensions is computationally impractical unless the number of objects is quite small. In such cases, the rank-frequencies can be estimated using discrete Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.     

北京地区O3与NO2的偏相关分析

根据北京市环境监测中心1999年3月至2001年2月发布的北京地区空气质量日报和部分气象资料，利用FoxPro6.0数据库及世界著名统计分析软件包(Statistical Package or the Social Science,SPSS)，统计并分析了O2和NO2的污染变化特征及规律；结果显示了NO2的污染状况已经得到明显改善，而O3的污染状况仍较严重；O3与NO2呈现水平中等的负相关关系，分析和验证了NO2是生成O3的重要前体污染物；提出北京进一步改善在夏季出现的严重O3污染，还需进一步降低NO2的排放水平。     

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS USING PARTIAL CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS1

ABSTRACT: Sixty-nine groundwater samples were analyzed for six chemical parameters. Partial and simple correlation coefficients for these parameters indicate that partial coefficients are superior to simple coefficients in establishing geochemical relationships for the aqueous system evaluated. The improved reliability arises from the ability of partial correlation analysis to hold outside factors that may be affecting the two variables of interest, constant.     

PARTIAL AREA RESPONSE ON SMALL SEMIARID WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Significant errors in estimating surface runoff and erosion rates are possible if a watershed is assumed to contribute runoff uniformly over the entire area, when actually only a portion of the entire area may be contributing. Generation of overland flow on portions of small semiarid watersheds was analyzed by three methods: an average loss rate procedure, a lumped-linear model, and a distributed-nonlinear model. These methods suggested that, on the average, 45, 60, and 50% of the drainage area was contributing runoff at the watershed outlet. Infiltrometer data support the partial area concept and indicate that the low infiltration zones are the runoff source areas as simulated with the distributed-nonlinear model.     

新型PD/A工艺同步处理低C/N生活原水和二级出水

通过一种新型的短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化（Partial Denitrification/Anammox,PD/A）固定生物膜工艺,同步处理模拟的低C/N城市污水厂生活原水和二级出水,研究了不同进水C/N（1.3,1.5,1.6,1.8）和不同pH值（7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0）下该工艺的脱氮效果.结果表明,逐步提高进水C/N强化了系统的完全反硝化作用,平均NO₃^--N去除率从52.3%增长至85.7%;较高的进水pH值促进了短程反硝化过程中NO₂^--N的积累,继而强化了厌氧氨氧化的自养脱氮作用,平均NH₄⁺-N去除率从82.2%增长至89.7%.在C/N=1.6、pH=9.0的条件下,该工艺达到了88.3%的TN去除率,出水TN稳定低于2mg/L.此外,分析了PD/A固定生物膜工艺在传统AAO工艺升级改造中的潜力.     

DO浓度对EBPR耦合SND处理低C/N污水的影响

为了解厌氧/好氧运行的序批式反应器（SBR）中,强化生物除磷（EBPR）与同步硝化反硝化（SND）的耦合脱氮除磷特性,以实际低C/N （约为3.5）生活污水为处理对象,先通过调控进水C/N考察其对EBPR启动和聚磷菌（PAOs）富集情况的影响,再通过调控好氧段DO浓度考察其对系统脱氮除磷性能、SND率及碳源转化特性的影响.结果表明,DO浓度为2.0mg/L,当进水C/N由3.2提高至7.5并降至3.8时,反应器出水PO₄^3--P浓度由3.9mg/L逐渐降至0.5mg/L以下,且厌氧释磷量（PRA）由3.3mg/L逐渐升高至约30mg/L.此后,当DO浓度逐渐降至约1.0mg/L时,SND现象愈加明显,且其与EBPR耦合使得系统总氮（TN）和PO₄^3--P去除率分别提高至85%和94%.但当DO浓度约为0.5mg/L时,硝化过程进行不完全,亚硝酸盐积累较为明显,耦合系统中存在同步短程硝化反硝化现象.DO浓度为约1.0mg/L时,系统具有最高的脱氮除磷性能.此外,当DO浓度由2.0mg/L降至0.5mg/L时,PAOs较聚糖菌（GAOs）在厌氧内碳源储存中的贡献逐渐减小（P_PAO,An由30.3%逐渐降至20.2%）,PRA降低约7mg/L.DO浓度为1.0~1.5mg/L最有利于系统厌氧段内碳源PHA的合成.     

溶解氧对短程硝化稳定性及功能菌群的影响

在常温条件下,采用序批式反应器（SBR）研究不同溶解氧（DO）浓度对短程硝化稳定性的影响.在低DO （0.5mg/L）条件下,前75个周期可以一直维持短程硝化,亚硝积累率（NAR）在80%以上,但是随着运行周期增加,NAR逐渐减少,到105个周期已完全变为全程硝化.通过接种同一污泥提高DO浓度到2.5mg/L,经过180个周期,NAR始终在90%以上,能够长期维持短程硝化的稳定运行.通过不同DO条件下AOB和NOB的氧半饱和常数对比分析及qPCR试验研究,结果表明长期低DO条件下容易使Nitrospira的生长获得优势,Nitrospira是影响短程硝化稳定的重要因素,高DO条件下,AOB对溶解氧具有更高的亲和力,通过提高供氧浓度的策略,可以维持短程硝化的长期稳定.     

羟胺对氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的竞争性选择

有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)是实现稳定短程硝化的关键.使用运行方式为厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)的SBR反应器,探究羟胺(NH_2OH)对氨氧化菌(AOB)和NOB的竞争性选择.在混合液NH_2OH浓度分别为3 mg·L~(-1)和5 mg·L~(-1)条件下采用不同处理频率观察短程硝化的启动情况.结果表明,每2个周期投加1次混合液浓度为5mg·L~(-1)的NH_2OH时,亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)在6 d内从0.1%增长到57.4%,并保持在(62.0±4. 6)%至实验结束;通过分析第6 d的典型周期中可以看出:好氧阶段结束时,氨氮浓度由26. 05 mg·L~(-1)降至8. 06 mg·L~(-1),同时生成9.02 mg·L~(-1)的亚硝态氮和6.70 mg·L~(-1)的硝态氮;AOB最大活性(rAOB)与NOB最大活性(rNOB)的比值从第1 d的1.05增长到第9 d的4.22;通过进一步qPCR分析可以看出:实验第9 d时, AOB与NOB丰度分别下降至处理前的30. 2%和19. 1%.因此,基于NH_2OH对AOB和NOB的竞争性选择有望为城市污水短程硝化的快速启动提供可能.     

停曝时间比对亚硝化颗粒污泥形成的影响

室温下(22~28℃),采用R1、R2、R3三组相同的SBR反应器接种MLSS、SVI值分别为3 500 mg·L-1、162 m L·g-1的具有良好亚硝化性能的絮状活性污泥,研究了不同停曝时间比(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)对亚硝化颗粒污泥形成的影响.实验表明,R1、R2和R3分别于103、82、64 d实现了亚硝化污泥的颗粒化,运转至85 d时,亚硝化率分别可达86%、98%、96%,R1、R2和R3的SVI值降低至89、75、58 m L·g-1,MLSS增加至2 314、2 781、2 946 mg·L-1.结果表明,在停曝时间比为1∶2~2∶1的范围内,停曝时间比越大,越有利于污泥颗粒化;停曝时间比为1∶2时,由于无法抑制NOB,反应器中污泥亚硝化性能下降,且污泥的沉降性能先变好后变差,在停曝时间比为1∶1~2∶1范围内,停曝时间比越大,污泥的沉降性越好,同时可以保持系统良好的亚硝化性能.另外,停曝时间比越大,微生物分泌的PN、PS越多,且在亚硝化颗粒形成阶段,厌氧末的PN小于好氧末PN,亚硝化颗粒成熟阶段厌氧末的PN大于好氧末PN,而在运行期间,厌氧末的PS一直大于好氧末PS.