Verifying an Extinction Debt among Lichens and Fungi in Northern Swedish Boreal Forests

Abstract:  Destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats results in small species populations that face increased risk of extinction. A time delay may be involved in the regional extinction of species, and the number of species that eventually may go extinct in the future is called the "extinction debt." In boreal Sweden, we examined whether the number of epiphytic crustose lichens and wood-inhabiting fungi in old-growth forest remnants diverges from species richness levels in forest patches that have been naturally isolated for millennia. An excess of species in forest remnants could indicate the presence of an extinction debt. Observed species richness in 32 old-growth forest remnants (also called woodland key habitats [WKHs]) was compared with predicted species richness. To predict species richness we used regression models based on data from 46 isolated old-growth forest patches in a forest-wetland matrix. The reference landscape is ancient and assumed to reflect the conditions of insular floras in dynamic equilibrium. Stand factors constituted predictive variables in the models. The observed number of lichen species was higher than expected (i.e., an extinction debt among lichens may exist). By contrast, there was no significant difference between observed and expected species richness among wood-inhabiting fungi. The species richness of wood-inhabiting fungi has adjusted to the changes in forest and landscape structure more rapidly than the species richness of lichens. Differences in substrate dynamics between epiphytes on living trees and species growing on decaying logs might explain the difference between species groups. The results also indicate that population densities of red-listed species were low, which may result in continuing extinctions of red-listed species. The importance of WKHs might be overvalued because species may be lost if conservation efforts consider only protection and preservation of WKHs.     

在干扰环境中测量局部放电的新原理——调谐平衡法

传统的避部放电平衡测量法以电阻电容为输入电路，存在许多缺点，难以在高压和超高压领域推广使用，本文以电感电容为输入电路；全面分析了调谐平衡法局部放电测试管理；模拟实验的结果表明，在选定的测量中心频率下，在调谐电容的调节范围内，存在着无数组平衡点，试样与参考电容器的电容量可相差１００倍。干扰的抑制比可高达２０００－４０００。     

Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with pure partial trisomy 1q32-44 due to a familial balanced rearrangement

We diagnosed a pure partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 in a fetus with multiple malformations detected prenatally. The father was a carrier of a balanced rearrangement involving 46,XY,inv(1)(qter→p36::q32→qter::p36→q32). The fetus had preaxial polydactyly, low-set ears, macrocephaly, a prominent forehead, a broad and flat nasal bridge, a small mouth, an arched palate, micrognathia and unilateral renal agenesis. The couple had previously an infant with the same phenotypic abnormalities. The aberration was initially detected on amniocentesis with GTG banding and was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Our case and other published pure trisomy 1q32-44 cases showed similarities, which allowed the further delineation of the trisomy 1q syndrome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly in two fetuses with der (7)t(1;7)(q32;q32)pat inherited from the father with double translocations

The presence of two independent translocations in one person is rare. Herein, we report the prenatal diagnosis of two sibling fetuses with holoprosencephaly, whose father is a carrier of double translocations. The karyotype of the father is 46,XY, t(1;7) (q32;q32), t(14,15) (q32.1;q26.3). The two fetuses had variable facial dysmorphisms and identical cytogenetic abnormality—a derivative (7) t(1;7) (q32;q32) inherited from the father. The proband 1 showed a small mouth, a single median eye and a proboscis above the eye, while the proband 2 showed hypotelorism, a flat nose, cleft lip and cleft palate. Both fetuses also had alobar holoprosencephaly. Haploinsufficiency of the sonic hedgehog gene at 7q36 does account for the occurrence of holoprosencephaly in the two fetuses with a deletion of distal 7q (7q32 → qter). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of partial trisomy 12q: clinical presentations and outcome

We present a pregnant woman with a fetus prenatally diagnosed as 46, XY,der(4) t(4;12) (q35.1; q21.2). This defect resulted from the unbalanced segregation of a paternal balanced translocation, t(4;12) (q35.1; q21.2). Prenatal ultrasound revealed borderline ventriculomegaly, a thick nuchal fold, pericardial effusion, arthrogryposis, a single umbilical artery, and micropenis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome painting probe and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis further confirmed chromosomal gain of terminal 12q. The woman had her pregnancy terminated at 20 weeks of gestational age. When compared with previously reported cases, the proband had characteristics common to the phenotypes of partial trisomy 12q, including an abnormal facial appearance and multiple anomalies. Additionally, this case had previously unreported phenotypes, such as arthrogryposis, a single umbilical artery, and a micropenis. Regarding the outcome of partial trisomy 12q, the fetuses carrying trisomies distal to 12q24 have a good chance of extended postnatal survival. In contrast, the cases with trisomies involving a larger amount of 12q likely die prenatally or within a few days after birth. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

El Niño影响下春季南海北部表层水体CO2分压变化

采用走航连续观测系统分别在2011年5月和2015年5月对南海北部表层水体温度、盐度、溶解氧、叶绿素a和pCO_2进行了现场观测.在El Nio影响下,2015年5月华南地区及广东省降雨量偏多,大量冲淡水入海,南海北部冲淡水区域海表盐度显著降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域海表盐度平均值为(28.05±6.18),低于2011年5月的海表盐度平均值(29.65±2.58),同时实测冲淡水区域海表温度平均升高约2.10℃.冲淡水携带的营养物质和适度升高的海表温度共同促进了冲淡水区域浮游植物的繁殖.浮游植物光合作用不断地将海水中的游离CO2转化为有机碳,同时释放出氧气,使得水体pCO_2降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域pCO_2平均值为(286±95)μatm,低于2011年5月的pCO_2平均值(300±42)μatm.2015年5月实测获得离岸海域pCO_2平均值为(421±9)μatm,高于2011年5月pCO_2平均值(386±13)μatm,二者差值为35μatm,海表温度是离岸海域pCO_2的主要影响因子,2015年5月El Nio期间离岸海域SST升高1.96℃.El Nio影响下冲淡水区域的碳汇作用增加,离岸海域的碳源作用增强,冲淡水区域碳汇增加与离岸海域碳源增强基本抵消,2015年5月南海北部整体仍是CO_2弱汇区,约为-0.40 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与2011年5月通量值-0.58 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)差别不明显.     

短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液

为解决垃圾渗滤液中高浓度污染物对微生物的毒性抑制、生物处理出水有机物或氮不达标及投加碳源成本高的问题,采用UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床)-A/O(缺氧/好氧)反应器-ANAMMOXR(厌氧氨氧化反应器)工艺,通过短程硝化-ANAMMOX(厌氧氨氧化)深度处理实际垃圾渗滤液与生活污水混和液(体积比为1∶10),其ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(TN)分别为(750±30)(290±10)和(300±10)mg/L,试验共进行90 d. 结果表明:COD_Cr、NH₄+-N和TN的去除率分别为88%±1%、95%±1%和91%±1%,最终出水质量浓度分别为(67±5)(15±2)和(35±5)mg/L,满足GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的排放要求. A/O反应器中的ρ(FA)(FA为游离氨)在0.21～1.38 mg/L之间,可抑制NOB(硝酸细菌),使AOB(氨氧化细菌)成为优势菌种,从而实现并维持NO₂--N积累率(70%～96%)较高的短程硝化,继而在ANAMMOXR中通过ANAMMOX去除残余NH₄+-N和NO₂--N,实现系统对氮的深度去除.