论服务理念在环境执法中的确立

在我国,环境执法主要是在强制理念的指导下进行,但是从执法效果来看,缺乏长期性、稳定性,因此,有必要借鉴新兴的环境管理理念和美国环境执法的经验,建立起以服务为理念的环境执法体系。首先应该确定服务对象,其次应当明确服务内容,最后应该建立环境执法中的服务体系,从而通过服务使得环境执法机关与企业、公民获得环保共识,减少环保执法压力,促进社会和谐发展。     

Traditional pastoralist decision-making processes: lessons for reforms to water resources management in Kenya

The purpose of this paper is to consider the vision for public participation in water resources management embedded in Kenya's 2002 Water Act, as it relates to pastoralists. The Act envisions that responsibility for management of water resources at the local level will be devolved to community-level bodies. Our approach was qualitative and included interviews with government officials and Gabra pastoralists, observation of and participation in traditional Gabra korra meetings and focus group discussions. We conclude that the ‘institutional model’ of participation being pursued through the creation of Water Resource User Associations is particularly problematic for mobile pastoralists such as the Gabra, and we suggest an alternative strategy that would focus on the fostering of deliberation processes.     

从社区参与层面探讨民族旅游的可持续发展问题——以云南省西双版纳为例

近年来,民族旅游作为一种特殊的乡村旅游已成为旅游研究和经济研究的热点问题之一。为实现旅游地的可持续发展,许多学者提出了各种各样的发展模式和解决措施,但这些研究都忽视了一个最基本的问题,即民族性与乡村性。因此,从这两个民族旅游的特性出发,以云南省西双版纳3个民族旅游村寨（勐景来、傣族园、曼景法）为例,从社区参与层面研究民族旅游的可持续发展,试图从根本上找出问题的症结,提出相应的解决措施。     

Environmental Management Systems at the Industrial Park Level in China

Environmental management systems (EMSs), such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001, can be used as a tool in China by industrial park managers to improve their environmental performance. This article uses the case of the Dalian Economic and Technological Development Zone (DETDZ) to show how to establish a comprehensive environmental management system (CEMS) according to the ISO 14001 standard at the industrial park level by considering local realities. The particularly interesting feature of this case study is the use of a CEMS (in this case, ISO 14001) by the administrative group of the DETDZ to develop a more comprehensive approach to the wide range of environmental issues that they face in running the zone. In essence the goal is to address many of the issues at the level of the zone. The incentives, benefits, and barriers associated with implementing ISO 14001 are described. However, implementation of an EMS should not be thought of as the ultimate objective for an industrial parks environmental management. The next steps include encouraging further public participation and taking an integrated approach leading to an industrial ecosystem, which can realize better environmental performance at the industrial park level. Yong Geng is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Dalhousie University. Raymond Côté is a professor at Dalhousie University.     

Impacts of a participatory approach to developing national level sustainable development indicators in Finland

The paper explores the role of a participatory approach in the outcome of the Finnish sustainable development indicator (SDI) exercise in 1998-2002. The process is analysed through three main objectives: to achieve stronger democracy, better quality of the end product and a more effective process. The analysis is further structured by a set of criteria needed for successful participation and differentiation of types of participants. The criteria comprise three main aspects: fairness, competence and social learning. In addition to the normally mentioned stakeholders (e.g. citizens and interest groups) participants also include experts and civil servants. Using the set of criteria above the participatory approach of the Finnish SDI process is then evaluated, and in the light of this evaluation the paper also discusses the specifications needed as evaluation criteria for national level policy programme processes like developing the SDIs. The results are based on documentation of the indicator task force meetings, written comments and a study of the putative end-users conducted after the publication of the indicators. The results show that the intense and broad participation of experts and civil servants increased the competence of the outcome and led to greater efficiency in working methods. However, this led to technocratic participation, absence of democratic participation and absence of social learning. Thus the ultimate goal of SDIs to contribute to achieving sustainability was not reached.     

WATER-BASED ACTIVITY INVOLVEMENT FOR RECREATION CONSUMERS AT STATE,FEDERAL, LOCAL,OR PRIVATE FACILITIES1

ABSTRACT: The water-based activity involvement of participants at state and federal and local and private facilities identified by using participation rate groups is examined. No differences between participant groups within activities based on socio-economic characteristics were found. However, groups of highly active individuals were identified at both types of properties. It is suggested that social action system variables be added to traditional social aggregate variables to assist the understanding of leisure involvement.