关于环境监测社会化的调查与思考

环境监测社会化在我国还处于探索阶段,社会化的根本目的是有序引入社会力量共同参与,提供更多、更好的监测服务。为此,环境监测社会化应坚持政府主导、社会参与的总体格局,引导环保监测机构重点强化环境监测网络运行管理、技术标准研发制定、监督性或执法性监测、环境质量预报预警及污染事故应急监测、监测数据质量控制及汇总分析等职能,同时因地制宜地确定环境监测社会化区域策略,严格规范社会检测的行为,确保监测市场有序开放、公平竞争、风险可控。     

河滩湿地资源保护与开发社区意愿调查——以黄河孟津湿地扣马段为例

河滩湿地是湿地资源的重要组成部分,了解社区居民对滩区湿地保护的认知及利用诉求,是探索兼顾社区利益的河滩湿地生态保护模式的基础。以黄河孟津湿地扣马段为例对滩区周边社区居民开展了意愿调查,结果表明:71.96%的被调查居民认识到湿地的重要性,但是严格划地保护、禁止开垦利用而伤害到其根本利益是无法接受的,这种矛盾正是目前自然保护区保护措施和效果无法得到保证的根本原因。90.53%的被调查居民认为保护区对当地社区的影响主要集中在土地减少和鸟类啄食造成作物减产,绝大多数居民认为政府理应给予补偿。对于湿地用途的期望,受访者意见非常分散。只要处理好保护区与社区居民的利益关系,多数居民是能够理解并参与湿地保护工作的。     

公众参与流域水污染控制的机制研究

近期中国流域管理的工作重点之一是水污染控制,公众参与是流域水环境管理的重要组成部分。通过公众参与可以提升公众环境意识、动员多方力量来调和多重利益团体的矛盾、监督企业环境行为、克服政府单方决策的缺陷。但目前中国公众参与流域水污染控制状况并不十分理想,未能有效发挥上述公众参与的优势,极需建立合理的公众参与流域水污染控制机制。基于政府、公众、企业之间的互约‘关系,提出了成立流域水污染控制协调小组,组织政府、企业、公众三方力量开展协商、引导支持公众参与流域水环境管理,逐步完善协调、监督、管理、激励的流域水污染控制的互约机制,动员全社会力量建立流域水环境管理的优化体制。     

“一带一路”视域下环境保护问题的战略定位与治理体系

环境保护是"一带一路"建设的重要议题,它所面临的挑战更多源于沿线国家和地区经济发展任务繁重与生态环境先天脆弱之间的矛盾。仅仅依靠单个政府部门或某一政策,或者仅仅依靠单个国家或地区的某一倡议与行动,均不足以应对"一带一路"建设中的跨国环境风险,这将倒逼国内与国际社会提升环境保护的战略地位,构建新型环境治理体系。"一带一路"沿线的各地政府不仅要发挥生态环保的示范作用,还要建立横向若干部门和纵向各级政府的协同治理机制,完善环境保护跨国合作制度,鼓励企业、NGO组织与民间力量、智库共同参与环境治理。     

A system dynamics model to facilitate public understanding of water management options in Las Vegas,Nevada

Water managers increasingly are faced with the challenge of building public or stakeholder support for resource management strategies. Building support requires raising stakeholder awareness of resource problems and understanding about the consequences of different policy options. One approach that can help managers communicate with stakeholders is system dynamics modeling. Used interactively in a public forum, a system dynamics model can be used to explain the resource system and illustrate the effects of strategies proposed by managers or suggested by forum participants. This article illustrates the process of building a strategic-level system dynamics model using the case of water management in Las Vegas, Nevada. The purpose of the model was to increase public understanding of the value of water conservation in Las Vegas. The effects of policies on water supply and demand in the system are not straightforward because of the structure of the system. Multiple feedback relationships lead to the somewhat counterintuitive result that reducing residential outdoor water use has a much greater effect on water demand than reducing indoor water use by the same amount. The model output shows this effect clearly. This paper describes the use of the model in research workshops and discusses the potential of this kind of interactive model to stimulate stakeholder interest in the structure of the system, engage participant interest more deeply, and build stakeholder understanding of the basis for management decisions.     

Towards an agile participatory urban soundscape planning framework

This paper presents an agile participatory urban soundscape planning process model, which is proposed as a prerequisite on which to build and reference the efficacy of urban soundscape planning. The model was developed through data synthesis and analysis and mapping engagement with diverse stakeholders across four applied soundscape projects in Brighton and Hove, UK. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the model is the first of its kind in applied soundscape practice. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and document analysis of published resources. The framework used for the analysis of the findings comprised four core urban planning stages: goals and objectives, engagement (e.g. prediction/modelling/design/planning), implications, evaluation. The study found that when integrating soundscape planning with core urban planning stages it was necessary to first identify the appropriate stakeholders in relation to the project context. It was found that these stakeholders could be wide-ranging and unexpected, thereby reinforcing the appropriateness of incorporating an agile approach in the resulting model. The study also found that users’ perceptions are central to soundscape practice and need to be considered at each stage of a planning process to produce an effective and sustainable outcome. A variety of specific events, appropriate to the requirements of the stakeholders, are important for engaging planning authorities, users and other stakeholders at different stages. This study also demonstrated that an evidence-based evaluation method is recommended in an agile participatory urban soundscape planning process to assess stakeholders’ engagement at each stage and to inform and guide subsequent steps in the planning process relevant to the local context(s).     

对完善中国大气污染防治工作的几点建议研究

大气是人类乃至其他生物赖以生存和发展的必不可少的环境要素之一。面对近来中国中东大部分地区爆发的雾霾天气,虽具一定偶然性,但纠其根本原因是由重经济发展、轻环境治理的发展模式埋下的恶果,这也使大气污染治理陷入年年治、年年雾的怪圈。大气污染防治是一项系统工程,不是简单从一时的环境应急处理就能解决的。还需要从立法、行政决策、社会监督管理、公众参与、引入市场机制等宏观层面统筹大气污染防治工作,才能从根本上解决顽疾。     

中国环境影响评价（EIA）中的公众参与

探讨了中国在环境保护领域中公众参与的政治法律背景、社会机制和优缺点等理论问题，分析了中国ＥＩＡ以及公众参与的形式、内容发生模转变的驱动对发展和加强中国的公众参与提出了一些对策建议。     

亚洲环境执政理论与实践

发展中国家环境执政能力问题越来越引起人们的关注.在界定环境执政能力概念的基础上,分析了亚洲国家环境执政能力状况以解释这些国家面临的环境问题,并尝试分析亚洲国家环境管理从传统手段向市场手段转变的推动因素,最后提出了亚洲国家转向环境良治的扩大和加强区域、国家和地区机构网络,促进环境政策制定执行过程中权力的下放和向地方政府的转移,增加国家立法和其他政策制定机构中环境非政府组织和社区组织成员的比例,运用战略环境评价和战略环境管理理念,关注中小型企业遵守环境法规等政策、措施方面的建议.     

城市规划环境影响评价中公众参与研究方法与案例

围绕规划环境影响评价中公众参与方案的有效性,以城市规划的环境影响评价为例,从城市规划和规划环境影响评价的特点出发,综合运用自上而下的分析手段和利益相关者研究方法,建立了城市规划环境影响评价开展公众调查的研究框架,将社会学调查方法有机地纳入规划环境影响评估方法学体系.以大连市城市发展规划环境影响评价为案例,讨论该研究框架在实践中的应用.