城市感潮河流溶解氧收支及调控的模拟研究

城市感潮河段受径流、潮汐动力及流域排污等多重影响,易引发河道缺氧现象.通过建立潭江(开平段)二维水动力水质模型,并采用拉格朗日粒子示踪、情景分析等手段,研究水流输运、生化反应过程对溶解氧的影响,进而探索提升关键断面溶解氧浓度的调控策略.结果表明：(1)潭江干流上游水团输送比支流镇海水更快,且同等增量下,潭江干流流量变化对下游影响更大;但对潭江干流开平市区下游新美断面污染贡献中,镇海水对其总磷(TP)污染贡献较大,而新昌水对其总氮(TN)污染贡献较大;(2)新美断面、镇海水的娄冈断面及新昌水的公义断面均为耗氧断面;水体有机物耗氧是本区域溶解氧消耗的主要过程,占总消耗的64.4%,其次为底泥耗氧,占总消耗的32.5%;水体中氧气的主要来源为浮游植物的光合作用,占比约64.6%;(3)增加上游流量、下移城区排口位置或削减上游临近城区污染源均可提高下游溶解氧浓度;与镇海水相比,提高潭江干流流量的效果更为明显;下移城区排口位置虽有效果但可操作性较弱.     

Pickering乳化强化地下水三氯乙烯NAPL修复

合成了4种不同长径比的SiO₂颗粒调控水/NAPL界面,考察所形成的Pickering乳化效果和稳定性,结果表明：长径比（L/D）为2.3的SiO₂颗粒分散的Pickering乳液液滴尺寸均匀,直径约10 μm,且10d内保持稳定,乳化指数高达63%.流变测试进一步证实所形成的Pickering乳化具有低剪切应变下乳液稳定的特性,利于地下水的原位修复技术的实施.同时考察胶体颗粒浓度,水中离子强度以及水/NAPL比例对Pickering乳化效果和稳定性的影响,为Pickering乳化技术在实际地下水修复应用提供理论基础.通过对比Pickering乳化和未乳化条件下NAPL溶解和氧化降解动力学过程,发现Pickering乳化通过增大两相间界面积显著提高NAPL的溶解速率,进而实现NAPL相污染物降解速率的提高.     

流作用下泥沙悬浮释放污染物的数值分析

基于一维垂向模型(1DV模型),建立了波流共同作用下泥沙悬浮释放污染物的数学模型,模型通过验证可较好的描述床面附近紊动特性、水流结构、泥沙垂向分布及污染物解吸释放规律. 利用数学模型,通过设置不同的模拟情景,分析计算了波流共同作用下泥沙悬浮特征、污染物释放动态过程及时空分布特征. 研究表明: 波流共同作用下,吸附态污染物及总污染物垂向分布与悬浮泥沙分布一致,波浪底部边界层的周期性振荡限制了从底部悬扬的泥沙向上部水体的扩散,在近床面存在梯度较大的高浓度层,在悬浮释放的初期,溶解态污染物的垂向分布规律与吸附态污染物一致,达到平衡后,沿垂向均匀分布.水流流速和波浪强度对泥沙悬浮释放污染物有着不同程度的影响,水流对泥沙及污染物的垂向分布影响明显,波浪的影响主要体现在床面附近形成高浓度含沙层和污染物层.     

Instantaneous char reaction of biomass particles in a hot gas flow with fluctuating temperature

Char reaction is an important stage of the combustion processes of biomass particles. It dominates the burnout of biomass particles. The instantaneous char reaction processes of biomass particles in a hot gas with temperature fluctuation are studied. Two types of biomass fuels, i.e. pine and thistle, are chosen for the present investigation. The instantaneous mass variations of biomass particles with initial diameters of 100, 200, and 300 μm are calculated under different conditions. The gas temperature fluctuation leads to faster mass loss for both pine and thistle particles. The char reaction of biomass particles is further enhanced by increase in the fluctuation amplitude of gas temperature.     

Unignited High-Pressure Methane Jet Impinging a Pipe Rack: Practical Tools for Risk Assessment

Although the diffusion of its storage and transport under liquefied conditions, nowadays it is common to have methane in gaseous form in several industrial applications. This leads to safety implications to be considered: hazards are linked to both the high-pressure at which the gas is kept and to its flammability. Scenarios where flammable jets impact an obstacle are of paramount importance because of their possible occurrence. Following a numerical approach, literature shows up that their assessment can be reliably performed by means of only Computational Fluid Dynamics tools. However, despite the improvements of computing power, Computational Fluid Dynamics costs still limit its use in daily risk analysts’ activities. Therefore, considering an accidental jet-obstacle scenario of industrial interest, the present work investigates how a pipe rack can influence the development of a high-pressure methane jet. Based on a Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis, main achievements of this work are a simple criterion able to identify the situations where the pipe rack does not influence the high-pressure methane jet behavior, therefore allowing to identify the scenarios where simpler models can be used (i.e., analytical correlations known for the free jet situation), and, if present, a simple analytical relationship that roughly predicts the influence of the pipe rack without the need of performing complex Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

Release behavior and bioefficacy of imazethapyr formulations based on biopolymeric hydrogels

Controlled release formulations of imazethapyr herbicide have been developed employing guar gum-g-cl-polyacrylate/bentonite clay hydrogel composite (GG-HG) and guar gum-g-cl-PNIPAm nano hydrogel (GG-NHG) as carriers, to assess the suitability of biopolymeric hydrogels as controlled herbicide release devices. The kinetics of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations was studied in water and it revealed that the developed formulations of imazethapyr behaved as slow release formulations as compared to commercial formulation. The calculated diffusion exponent (n) values showed that Fickian diffusion was the predominant mechanism of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations. Time for release of half of the loaded imazethapyr (t_1/2) ranged between 0.06 and 4.8 days in case of GG-NHG and 4.4 and 12.6 days for the GG-HG formulations. Weed control index (WCI) of GG-HG and GG-NHG formulations was similar to that of the commercial formulation and the herbicidal effect was observed for relatively longer period. Guar gum-based biopolymeric hydrogels in both macro and nano particle size range can serve as potential carriers in developing slow release herbicide formulations.     

鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征

微塑料(粒径5 mm)作为一种新型污染物近年来被社会广泛关注.本文以江西省饶河-鄱阳湖入湖段(龙口)典型湿地表层中底泥沉积物为研究对象,分离提取底泥沉积物中微塑料,确定底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度值,利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和傅里叶红外光谱仪分析微塑料表面形貌特征及组成特征.结果表明:(1)底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度为938个·kg-1,主要包括碎片、薄膜、纤维和发泡等4种类型微塑料,其中以碎片类微塑料比例最高,达到66.7%;薄膜类次之,约占比例25%;发泡类及纤维类微塑料相对较少些,二者比例之和仅占8.3%.(2)不同类型微塑料的红外光谱分析表明,碎片类微塑料主要成分为聚乙烯,薄膜类主要成分为聚丙烯,纤维类主要成分为低密度聚乙烯,发泡类主要成分则为聚苯乙烯.(3)微塑料粒径分布特征表明,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料比例占总量的61.3%,且随着粒径增大微塑料数目呈减少趋势.(4)微塑料表面形貌特征表现为沉积物中的微塑料有不同程度的老化痕迹,表面出现裂痕、孔隙并带有撕裂物等特征.     

广州颗粒物化学组成特征及季节差异

为系统反映广东省广州市冬、夏季颗粒物的特征,分别于2008年12月16日─2009年1月9日和2009年8月4 ─29日,在广州市环境监测中心站使用微天平法四通道颗粒物采样仪进行颗粒物采样,并测定了PM₁₀中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC),Al和Fe等16种化学元素以及SO₄2-和Ca2+等9种离子的质量浓度.结果表明:ρ(PM₁₀₎,PM₁₀中的ρ(OC)和ρ(EC),Al和Fe等16种化学元素以及SO₄2-和Ca2+等9种离子的质量深度季节差异明显,均表现为冬季高于夏季;冬、夏季PM₁₀中各成分所占比例排序不同,但均以OC所占比例最大,SO₄2-和Ca2+等9种离子次之.广州PM₁₀主要有5个来源,但冬、夏季不同.其中冬季主要来源于工业源和土壤扬尘、燃煤、交通排放和生物质燃烧、海盐;夏季则主要来源于燃油、交通排放和生物质燃烧、土壤扬尘或燃煤、海盐、垃圾焚烧或特殊工业源.      

北京市地面街尘与径流中重金属的污染特征（Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Street Dusts and Urban Runoff in Beijing）

街尘作为城市各种污染物的载体和地表径流污染物的主要来源对水环境的影响日益受到关注.论文分析了北京市城区街尘与地表径流中重金属浓度和颗粒的粒径分布.结果表明:不同城市土地利用类型对街尘和径流中的重金属含量、颗粒粒径分布具有重要影响.在商业区、主要道路、住宅区、城中村4种土地利用类型中,街尘重金属浓度和地面单位面积重金属质量均以主要道路最高;径流重金属浓度由高到低顺序依次为:主要道路>城中村>居民区;主要道路和商业区街尘颗粒中细粒径占的比例较高,在全部土地利用类型的径流水样中颗粒物粒径分布差别不大;随着街尘中颗粒物粒径的减小,重金属浓度增加;街尘中小于149μm的颗粒物质量百分比和重金属浓度均较高,且在径流中这个粒径段的颗粒物含量也高,体积比达80%以上.建议在今后的城市街尘面源污染控制中应特别关注土地利用类型和街尘粒径的影响.