大气CO2浓度升高对农田土壤颗粒组成及其碳周转的影响

采集FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)平台下运行3年的水稻(Oryza sativaL.)/小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)轮作土壤(0~15cm耕作层土壤),利用超声波分散-湿筛分法对烘干土样进行颗粒分级,分析土壤各粒级及其碳、氮的分布特征,研究大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳周转的影响。结果表明:高浓度大气CO2条件下稻/麦轮作3年后,土壤颗粒组成较对照发生了改变,>53μm粒级的质量分数减小27%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量20%;53~25μm粒级的质量分数增大35%(p<0.05),约占土壤总质量25%;<25μm无明显变化,约占土壤总质量55%,三种粒级之间质量分数呈显著差异(p<0.05)。FACE条件下,不同粒级土壤颗粒碳质量分数在两个氮水平下平均为:>53μm(30.60g·kg-1),<25μm(13.08g·kg-1),25~53μm(12.85g·kg-1),氮质量分数分别为2.42g·kg-1,1.33g·kg-1,1.12g·kg-1。>53μm粒级的土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数均极显著高于其它两个粒级(p<0.001)。FACE条件下土壤总碳、氮质量分数高于对照,增幅分别为6.2%和6.7%。从各粒级土壤颗粒碳、氮质量分数变化分析,新增碳、氮主要进入>53μm粒级中,表明该粒级土壤颗粒对土壤碳氮循环(转化和保存)起着重要作用。该研究结果表明高浓度大气CO2条件下,稻/麦轮作农田土壤将成为大气CO2的汇,这将为预测我国未来农田土壤碳的变化趋势提供科学依据。     

煤中痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型

将青山烟煤按不同比重分级后，分别测定了各级煤粉中痕量元素Ｂｅ、Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｏ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ，Ｎｉ，Ａｓ以及三态硫的含量，发现痕量元素与三态硫之间有一定的相关关系，本文用回归分析法建立了痕量元素与三态硫关系的模型，并用该模型对青山烟煤某一比重范围内煤粉中的痕量元素含量进行预报，结果令人满意。     

Contamination of Surface Soils, River Water and Sediments by Trace Metals from Copper Processing Industry in the Churnet River Valley, Staffordshire, UK

The impacts of a functional and a demolished copper processing works on the aquatic and terrestrial environment in the vicinity of the works was investigated by determining the levels of selected trace metals in river water, river sediments, channel margin sediments and overbank soils. Samples were taken at five sites within an area of the Churnet Valley in Staffordshire, where the River Churnet flows through the two works. Analysis of river water samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has shown that only copper is present above background levels considered to typify uncontaminated rivers. Analysis of river sediments, channel margin sediments and overbank soils by nitric-perchloric acid digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis has indicated contamination by arsenic, cadmium and copper in the vicinity of both works. Arsenic and copper are deposited primarily within the aquatic environment, although some contamination of the terrestrial environment by copper is also observed. Cadmium is deposited primarily within the terrestrial environment. The deposition of arsenic and copper in river and channel margin sediments respectively is also related to current and historical contamination.     

三种空气微生物采样方法的比较

在室内自然条件下，对三种空气微生物采样方法进行比较。结果表明，ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器法，ＬＷＣ－１笄样器法和平皿沉降法测定的室内空气微生物粒子浓度分别为２６３４个／ｍ＾％３，２３９５个／ｍ＾３和１３８０个／ｍ＾３，ＬＷＣ－１型和ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ二种采样器的采样结果之间没有明显差异，二种采样器的采样结果均明显高于平皿沉降法的采样结果。ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器的采样效率高，且可同时测定空气微生物粒子的浓     

Spread of metals through an invertebrate food chain as influenced by a plant that hyperaccumulates nickel

Summary. Hyperaccumulation of metals in the shoot system of plants is uncommon, yet taxonomically and geographically widespread. It may have a variety of functions, including defense against herbivores. This study investigated the effects of hyperaccumulation on metal concentrations across trophic levels. We collected plant material, soil, and invertebrates from Portuguese serpentine outcrops whose vegetation is dominated by the nickel hyperaccumulator Alyssum pintodasilvae. Samples were analyzed for nickel, chromium, and cobalt. Grasshoppers, spiders, and other invertebrates collected from sites where A. pintodasilvae was common had significantly elevated concentrations of nickel, compared to nearby sites where this hyperaccumulator was not found. Chromium and cobalt, occurring in high concentrations in the serpentine soil but not accumulated by A. pintodasilvae, were not elevated in the invertebrates. Therefore, it appears likely that a flux of nickel to herbivore and carnivore trophic levels is specifically facilitated by the presence of plants that hyperaccumulate this metal. The results may be relevant to the development of phytoremediation and phytomining technologies, which use plants to extract metals from the soil. Reveived 22 August 2002; accepted 2 April 2003. R1D=" Correspondence to: A. J. Pollard, e-mail:joe.pollard@furman.edu     

光子相关光谱（PCS）在无机高分子絮凝剂形态表征中的应用

本文运用现代先进的微粒检测手段光子相关光谱对常见的两类无机高分子絮凝剂的形态进行了表征。实验结果表明：在所测聚合氯化铁溶液中，体系呈较为单一的集中分布，由平移扩散系数计算得到平均有效直径在５－１１ｎｍ左右。在所测聚合氯化铝溶液中，主要为双峰分布，熟化后样品约为２－５ｎｍ的小颗粒与数十ｎｍ以上分布较宽的聚集体，另外，本文对光子相关光谱在形态表征中的优缺点及其它应用的可能性也作了一定的论述。     

The relationship between epilithic periphyton (biofilm) bound metals and metals bound to sediments in freshwater systems

Surficial sediments and epilithic periphyton (biofilm) were sampled from six sites on the River Churnet and five sites on the River Manifold in Staffordshire and analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The sites demonstrated a wide range of sediment trace metal concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and atomic absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS). Biofilm was removed from the substrate using physical abrasion and 0.005 M ethylenediaminoethanetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extractant. The European Standards, Measurements and Testing Programmes (BCR) operationally defined geochemical speciation scheme was used to determine the exchangeable, acid soluble fraction of the sediments. Significant positive correlations were determined between the EDTA extractable biofilm and the exchangeable sediment fraction for Cd, Cu and Zn but not for Pb. Natural epilithic periphyton may be a potential metal biomonitor particularly of Cu, Cd and Zn in aquatic systems and provide supporting information in relation to potential sediment toxicity.     

复合生态处理系统颗粒构成差异及其效应分析

研究了复合生态处理系统中不同单元颗粒物的构成差异，探讨了颗粒构成对其去除机制、粒径分布和去除规律的影响．结果表明，水环境对系统后端颗粒构成产生的影响明显高于对系统前端的影响．颗粒构的成差异决定无机颗粒沉降，有机颗粒分解、藻类被捕食、颗粒截滤依次在颗粒物的去除中占主导地位．不同水环境中，颗粒构成和去除机制的差异导致不同单元颗粒物去除规律的相应变化．     

Evaluation of PCDD/F congener distributions in MWI flue gas treated with SCR catalysts

Partitioning of PCDD/F congeners between gaseous and particulate phases and removal efficiencies of the air pollution control devices (APCDs) for PCDD/Fs at an existing municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in Taiwan are evaluated via stack sampling and analysis. The MWI investigated is equipped with electrostatic precipitators (EP), wet scrubbers (WS) and selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) as APCDs. The average PCDD/F concentration of stack gas is 1.49 ng/N m³, and the International Toxic Equivalent Quantity (I-TEQ) is 0.043 ng-I-TEQ/N m³. The EP increases PCDD/F concentration by 174.0% while the average removal efficiency of WS + SCR system for PCDD/Fs reaches 99.1%. In addition, the PCDF removal efficiency achieved with WS + SCR system (97.1–99.8%) is higher than that for PCDDs (96.5–99.3%). The results obtained on gas/particulate partitioning in flue gas indicate that the particulate-phase PCDD/Fs accounted for 65% at the inlet of EP, 20% at the outlet of EP and 50% at the stack, respectively, of the total PCDD/F concentrations. This study also indicates that as the chlorination level of PCDD/F congeners increases, the percentage of PCDD/Fs existing in gas phase decreases in all flue gas samples.     

机动车尾气中颗粒物对人体健康的危害

本文介绍了燃油机动车在不同运行状况下排放颗粒物的情况;以及不同粒径颗粒物与其它环境空气中污染物协同作用对人体健康的危害.