多层螺旋雾幕技术的喷雾模拟及降尘试验研究

为了解决掘进工作面传统喷雾除尘无法有效抑制粉尘扩散的问题,提出了一种将气动喷嘴呈螺旋状布置的多层螺旋雾幕除尘方法。采用k-ω湍流模型与K-H液滴破碎模型,通过Comsol多物理场耦合数值模拟,得出了多层螺旋雾幕速度场分布和粒子轨迹的变化规律,结合模拟结果搭建试验平台,并将多层螺旋雾幕与传统喷雾的除尘效果进行对比分析。以2层雾幕为例的模拟结果显示,喷雾2 s时就会形成明显的2层螺旋状雾幕,10 s后旋转水雾充满整个模拟区域,并且雾滴粒径较传统喷雾更小。试验表明多层螺旋雾幕的除尘效果明显强于自然降尘与传统喷雾,3 min后可将浓度470 mg/m3左右的粉尘降到4 mg/m3以下。     

基于改进PSO-BPNN的输油管道内腐蚀速率研究

为解决输油管道易腐蚀,且腐蚀程度难以测量的问题,提出使用改进的粒子群算法（PSO）优化误差反向传播神经网络（BPNN）对输油管道内腐蚀速率进行预测。改进的PSO算法提升了自身搜索到全局最优的能力,可为BPNN提供最优初始权值和阈值,从而有效避免BPNN易陷入局部最优的问题发生。以某条输油管线为例,分别运用标准的BPNN模型、PSO-BPNN以及改进的PSO-BPNN对该管线内腐蚀速率进行预测。结果表明:基于改进的PSO-BPNN的预测结果平均相对误差为5.57%,预测精度较BPNN和PSO-BPNN有明显提升。使用改进的PSO-BPNN预测输油管道的腐蚀速率可为管道的检测维修提供可靠的理论和技术支撑。     

城市轨道交通环控系统颗粒物浓度相关性分析

城市轨道交通系统在为人们提供了许多便利的同时出现了很多颗粒物方面的问题。对上海市、南京市轨道交通不同系统颗粒物质量浓度进行了实测分析,结果表明:不同系统站台和车厢PM_(10)(PM_(2.5))之间有很大的相关性(相关系数|r|=0.909~0.993);同一时段地铁系统站台(|r|=0.871~0.894)和轻轨系统站台(|r|=0.829)的PM_(2.5)与PM_(2.5-10)之间分别有很大的相关性,两种颗粒物有同一来源;不同系统车厢内PM_(2.5)与PM_(2.5-10)的相关性均较好(|r|=0.932~0.992),粗细颗粒物有共同的来源。     

以SRB颗粒污泥为载体的硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动研究

采用复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR),研究先驯化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)颗粒污泥、再以之为载体进行硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的启动,通过NH_4~+-N、SO_4~(2-)、COD等指标的变化探讨启动的效能。在7pH8.5、温度为(32±1)℃的条件下,采用低负荷启动方式,以CH_3COONa为有机碳源,通过逐步缩短HRT提高进水负荷来驯化培养硫酸盐还原菌颗粒污泥。结果表明,SO_4~(2-)与COD去除效果逐步达到稳定,最高去除率分别为86.2%和68.8%,S0全程积累并趋于稳定,经过60 d的驯化,SRB颗粒污泥平均粒径达到3 mm,硫酸盐还原反应启动成功。之后以驯化成熟的SRB颗粒污泥为载体,保持COD为50 mg/L,通过提高进水中NH+4-N和SO2-4负荷的方式启动硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化。结果表明,NH_4~+-N和SO_4~(2-)去除效果逐步上升并稳定在50%以上,最高分别达到52.5%与53.7%。硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化成功启动。     

环丙沙星在石英砂中的吸附迁移特征及参数分析

通过批量静态吸附实验,分析不同pH、离子强度、粒径下环丙沙星在石英砂上的吸附特征,实验数据用Langmuir与Freundlich两个方程进行拟合;并做室内石英砂柱迁移实验,探讨了不同因素对环丙沙星在石英砂中运移的影响;获得了示踪剂Br-和环丙沙星的穿透曲线,并用HYDRUS-1D软件对实验结果进行了模拟.研究表明:环丙沙星在石英砂上的吸附能力与pH、离子强度及粒径大小成负相关.随着pH、离子强度及粒径增大,出流时间变短,达到C/C_0峰值的时间也变短,从出流到相对浓度衰减为零整个过程的时间跨度越小.在低离子强度下,环丙沙星在不同粒径的石英砂中的运移,一般粒径越大,出流越早,峰值越高.描述溶质运移的非平衡一点模型(OSM)能够较好地模拟环丙沙星在石英砂中的运移过程,用数值反演得到的参数所求出的阻滞因子R_d值比根据Freundlich方程拟合得到的参数求出的R_d值要小,但它们均符合静态吸附实验和动态迁移实验的特点.pH越大,模拟得到的分配系数K_d值越小,分形系数β值、一阶速率系数ω值均很小且无明显变化规律;离子强度越大,模拟得到的分配系数Kd值、分形系数β值及一阶速率系数ω值就越小.     

不同粒径钨尾砂中重金属的含量及形态研究

以江西省赣南地区牛孜石、画眉坳、西华山钨矿尾砂库为研究对象,采集钨尾砂样品3份,使用标准筛将其细分为7个粒径等级(450μm)。以BCR连续提取法对重金属进行形态提取,ICP-OES测定不同粒径钨尾砂颗粒物中Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As、Pb、Ni重金属各形态的含量。研究结果表明:不同粒径的尾砂中重金属的含量差异明显,Cu、Zn元素在粒径>380μm的颗粒物中含量较高,Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Mn元素则在粒径<25μm的颗粒物中有着很高的含量,特别是Pb,该粒径中的含量远高于其他任何粒径区间。重金属形态随尾砂粒径分布表明:不同矿区同一粒径的尾砂各形态重金属所占比例差异明显,但相同的是,粒径大于450μm的颗粒物中Cu、Zn可交换态形式所占比例较高,而粒径小于25μm的极细颗粒物中,可溶态的Ni含量很高,需要采取有效管理措施以遏制可能发生的污染。     

Assessment of Trace Metals in the Sediments From the Coastal Zone of Alexandria, Egypt

Freshly deposited surface sediments from the Alexandria coastal zone were collected and analysed in 1995 for their trace metal concentrations. Metal concentrations in the sediments vary between sites within a wide range for copper, zinc, iron, lead, chromium and cadmium. the statistical analysis between the metal concentrations and the different constituents (organic carbon, total nitrogen, silt, clay and total iron) showed significant correlations. the enrichment factors for the sediments ranged between 3 and 4-fold for copper, chromium and zinc and reached up to 9-fold for lead and 113-fold for cadmium. the highest index for cadmium and lead may be attributed to the anthropogenic inputs from the surrounding area, where they are highest in lower discharge areas.     

Rapid multiresidue determination for currently used pesticides in agricultural drainage waters and soils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

An efficient and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 38 pesticides in agricultural drainage waters and soils has been developed and validated. Water samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges while solid samples (suspended particle matter and soil) were extracted by using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method. The target pesticides were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization. The proposed method allowed a simultaneous determination and confirmation of a large number of pesticides in agricultural drainage waters, suspended particle matters and soils/sediments with a good reproducibility and low detection limits. The developed method was applied to a survey of pesticides in a vegetable growing area of Guangzhou, China. The pesticides commonly found in the area were butachlor, carbofuran, dichlorvos, fipronil, isocarbophos and pyridaben.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

燃煤飞灰中细颗粒物(PM2.5)的物理化学特性

研究了小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰中细颗粒物的粒径分布、显微结构、颗粒类型以及As,Se,Cd,Pb,Cr和Be等6种微量重金属在不同粒径中的分布规律。结果表明:燃煤排放的PM_2.5以球形颗粒为主,但随着颗粒物粒径的减小,非球形颗粒的数量有所增加;多数PM_2.5的表面并不光滑,不同粒径颗粒之间存在逐级吸附的现象;微量重金属As,Se,Cd,Pb和Cr大部分富集在粒径小于2 1μm的细颗粒上,高钙飞灰对As有强烈的吸附作用。