Instantaneous char reaction of biomass particles in a hot gas flow with fluctuating temperature

Char reaction is an important stage of the combustion processes of biomass particles. It dominates the burnout of biomass particles. The instantaneous char reaction processes of biomass particles in a hot gas with temperature fluctuation are studied. Two types of biomass fuels, i.e. pine and thistle, are chosen for the present investigation. The instantaneous mass variations of biomass particles with initial diameters of 100, 200, and 300 μm are calculated under different conditions. The gas temperature fluctuation leads to faster mass loss for both pine and thistle particles. The char reaction of biomass particles is further enhanced by increase in the fluctuation amplitude of gas temperature.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

隧道大气细颗粒物及其元素的粒径分布特征

对比研究了隧道和大气环境中不同粒径细颗粒物 (切割粒径分别为0.03,0.06,0.108,0.17,0.26,0.40,0.65,1.0,1.6和2.5 μm) 中S,K,Ca,Ti,Mn,Fe,Zn,Pb,Al,Si,Cu和V等12种痕量元素的浓度. 结果表明:隧道中不同粒径细颗粒物的数浓度和质量浓度在上下班高峰时段出现明显峰值,且隧道细颗粒物在0.108 μm粒径处的数浓度和在2.5 μm粒径处的质量浓度分别是大气环境对照值的15.2和40.0倍;在隧道传输过程中质量浓度增加的痕量元素有 Si,Ca,Fe,Al,Ti,Zn,Mn,Cu和V,减小的有S,Pb,Zn和K;地壳元素(Si,Ca,Fe,Al和Ti)的质量浓度总和占隧道细颗粒物中痕量元素质量浓度总和的87%,表明土壤扬尘仍是隧道大气细颗粒物的主要来源.      

北京市地面街尘与径流中重金属的污染特征（Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Street Dusts and Urban Runoff in Beijing）

街尘作为城市各种污染物的载体和地表径流污染物的主要来源对水环境的影响日益受到关注.论文分析了北京市城区街尘与地表径流中重金属浓度和颗粒的粒径分布.结果表明:不同城市土地利用类型对街尘和径流中的重金属含量、颗粒粒径分布具有重要影响.在商业区、主要道路、住宅区、城中村4种土地利用类型中,街尘重金属浓度和地面单位面积重金属质量均以主要道路最高;径流重金属浓度由高到低顺序依次为:主要道路>城中村>居民区;主要道路和商业区街尘颗粒中细粒径占的比例较高,在全部土地利用类型的径流水样中颗粒物粒径分布差别不大;随着街尘中颗粒物粒径的减小,重金属浓度增加;街尘中小于149μm的颗粒物质量百分比和重金属浓度均较高,且在径流中这个粒径段的颗粒物含量也高,体积比达80%以上.建议在今后的城市街尘面源污染控制中应特别关注土地利用类型和街尘粒径的影响.     

改性竹炭颗粒对水溶液中孔雀绿的吸附动力学研究

用不同的酸碱溶液处理竹炭,研究改性竹炭颗粒对水溶液中孔雀绿的吸附效果,再对筛选出的竹炭颗粒进行吸附动力学试验,并用准二级动力学模型和颗粒扩散模型对试验数据进行拟合,在此基础上进一步探讨影响吸附过程的因素。试验结果表明,用0.5 mol.L-1NaOH溶液处理过的竹炭颗粒吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量可达9.96 mg.g-1。颗粒扩散模型能更好地描述吸附动力学过程。竹炭颗粒的质量增加会降低孔雀绿分子的扩散速率;孔雀绿溶液的初始浓度增加则提高孔雀绿分子的扩散速率;颗粒直径、搅拌速度以及溶液的初始pH值也会影响吸附过程。     

APS-SMPS-WPS对南京夏季气溶胶数浓度的对比观测

为了对比3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)、3081/3085型气溶胶粒径谱仪(SMPS)和宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)对气溶胶数浓度的观测性能,于2010年夏季在南京信息工程大学校内使用上述三台仪器进行了同步观测.将得到的数据进行对比,并结合校内自动气象站的气象资料对0.01~10μm气溶胶粒子的数浓度、日变化规律及谱分布特征进行分析.结果表明,3台仪器在总体数浓度变化趋势上表现出较好的一致性,但相同粒径段的粒子浓度NSMPS>NWPS>NAPS.SMPS比WPS尺度分辨率高,粒径范围在0.02~0.2μm时,SMPS与WPS相关性较好;APS测量气溶胶数浓度谱的连续性较WPS好.3种仪器在观测日变化趋势上都表现出双峰型,但SMPS的峰值浓度和出现峰值的粒径范围均高于或大于WPS.各类气象条件及降水对仪器间的测量误差影响不大.     

基于秀丽隐杆线虫的微量水样环境毒理学研究

目前,环境水样个体水平的毒理学检测成本较高、耗时长,且检测后的水样若处理不当易造成环境的二次污染。通过使用易于培养和观察、个体微小的模式生物—秀丽隐杆线虫作为实验对象,利用毛细玻璃管的虹吸原理将线虫暴露于微量的环境水样进行染毒培养,实现微量水样在个体水平的毒理学评价。为了验证该方法的可行性,检测了暴露组线虫与对照组线虫的生殖腺细胞损伤水平、活性氧自由基(ROS)产生量、氧化应激水平、脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)损伤水平等生物终点的差异性。研究结果有助于为微量环境水样在个体水平的毒理学分析提供一种快速、可行、廉价的评价手段。     

巢湖生态系统中微量有机污染物的研究进展

本文综述了目前巢湖生态系统中微量有机污染物研究的主要进展。巢湖微量有机污染物研究起步较晚,但发展较快。目前已研究的微量有机污染物包括有机氯农药、多氯联苯、多环芳烃、多溴联苯醚、邻苯二甲酸酯、全氟烷基酸类物质、四溴双酚A、抗生素和有机磷农药。研究内容主要包括水、大气、降尘、沉积物、悬浮物、水生生物等多介质分布、来源解析、跨界面迁移、归趋模拟与风险评估等方面。期望本文的综述,可以为巢湖微量有机污染物风险管理和水质改善提供重要决策支撑,对于在其他湖泊开展此类研究有所裨益。     

电石渣中杂质对亚硫酸钙氧化及石膏浆液脱水性能影响

为了考察电石渣中杂质(Na2S、SiO2及铁、镁、铝的氧化物等)在湿法烟气脱硫过程中对亚硫酸钙氧化及石膏浆液脱水性能的影响,通过建立亚硫酸钙氧化反应装置,对亚硫酸钙氧化及石膏浆液脱水过程进行了研究。研究表明:浆液中Na2S浓度越高,亚硫酸钙氧化受到的抑制作用越明显,Na2S浓度高于10.0 mmol/L时,浆液中亚硫酸根几乎不发生氧化反应,石膏平均粒径随Na2S浓度增加呈先降低后增大趋势。浆液中SiO2不影响亚硫酸钙氧化,但是浓度低于0.5 g/L时,石膏粒径分布更加集中,更有利于提高石膏浆液脱水性能。浆液中Fe2O3的存在有利于亚硫酸钙氧化,浓度在0.5～1.0 g/L时,对石膏浆液脱水性能有明显的改善作用。浆液中MgO、Al2O3的存在,对亚硫酸钙氧化影响不大,但降低了石膏浆液脱水性能。     

Trace elements in tissues of sperm whales stranded along the Italian coast

Five sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) stranded along the Italian coast between 2007 and 2009 were analysed for concentrations of trace elements in the muscle, liver, kidney, lung, heart and skin. Essential elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr, As, V and Se) show ranges of variability comparable with the limited data reported in the literature on this species and a homeostatic physiological control. Very low concentrations of nonessential elements (Hg, Cd and Pb) were detected in all tissues, suggesting a minor impact of these pollutants on the sperm whale populations of the Mediterranean Sea. This finding possibly reflects the pelagic lifestyle and deep-sea cephalopod diet of this group of giant cetaceans. In addition, this finding contrasts with the high levels of nonessential elements measured in many other species of cetaceans (e.g. Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus) stranded along Mediterranean coasts and which reflects significant coastal anthropogenic effects. The main result of this work is the compiled dataset which provides a preliminary target for conceptual understanding of the potential effects of open marine pollution on the Mediterranean sperm whale population.