西安夏季大气亚微米颗粒物化学组成与来源的在线观测研究

西安作为汾渭平原地区最大的城市,大气颗粒物污染形势严峻.2017年夏季期间,在西安市浐灞生态园区运用气溶胶化学组分监测仪,对大气亚微米颗粒物中的非难挥发性组分(NR-PM1)进行了在线监测.观测期间NR-PM1的平均质量浓度为(30.1?±?15.4)μg???m?3.其中有机物含量最高,占NR-PM1总质量浓度的63...     

郑州空气颗粒物中PAHs的碳同位素特征及来源

研究了郑州城区空气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的稳定碳同位素组成特征并对其来源进行了解析.气相色谱/燃烧系统/同位素质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析表明,PAHs 的δ¹³C 值在非采暖季为-29.4‰～-23.4‰,采暖季为-30.0‰～-24.2‰,随着分子量的增大,PAHs 中 13C 降低.统计表明不同采样点的样品中的 PAHs 的δ¹³C 区别不明显(0.1‰<σ<0.8‰).两个季节中,三环和四环多芳香烃化合物荧蒽、芘和苯并(a)蒽的δ¹³C没有明显的区别,其范围为-24.5‰～-23.4‰,但是,五环和六环芳烃的δ¹³C 值有明显差异.随着分子量的增大,采暖季环境空气颗粒物中 PAHs的碳同位素比值变小的程度比非采暖季的大.采暖季的苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、苯并(ghi)苝的δ13C 值分别为-26.6‰、-30.0‰和-28.1‰,而非采暖季为-24.5‰、-29.4‰和-26.3‰.利用二元复合同位素模型,估算了不同季节机动车尾气和煤的燃烧对郑州城区苯并(a)芘的贡献.在非采暖季机动车尾气排放的贡献率为 70%,在采暖季贡献率为 50%,煤的燃烧对六环化合物的贡献高于机动车排放的贡献.     

应用模式生物检测饮用水源颗粒物的毒性效应

悬浮颗粒物在自然水体中广泛存在,大量小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)可吸附、聚集水中多种污染物,从而形成新的复合污染,影响水生生态系统。已有研究表明,颗粒物粒径越小,传统饮用水处理工艺越难以去除,因此,其表面吸附的污染物也会随之残留在水体中,对饮用水安全产生影响。本研究对南京某自来水厂进水和出水中的颗粒物进行了测定和对比,并选用3种不同种类的模式生物包括发光菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.),对饮用水源水中不同粒径颗粒物的毒性效应进行了测试。结果表明,传统水处理工艺对小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)的去除效果并不理想;经传统水处理工艺处理后,出水仍显著抑制发光菌发光强度以及纤细裸藻生长,对蚕豆的污染指数较高,可能存在一定健康隐患;进水中颗粒物粒径<1μm组对发光菌发光强度和纤细裸藻生长的抑制效应显著大于粒径≥1μm颗粒物组,蚕豆根尖的污染指数也更高,毒性更强。本研究结果可为饮用水的生物毒性检测和水处理工艺改良提供参考。     

Effects of suspended common-scale and nanoscale particles on the survival,growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna

Suspended particles are a natural component of aquatic ecosystems. This study provides a report on the survival, growth and reproduction of common-scale and nanoscale particles of Daphnia magna Straus exposed to five types of particles (i.e. KN (kaolinite), MN (montmorillonite), MNn (nanoscale MN), NP (natural particles), and NPn (nanoscale NP)). The results of the study show that the suspended particles elicited a dose-dependent toxicity in KN, MN and MNn, with the following toxicity pattern: MN > KN > MNn. On the contrary, NP and NPn did not show any harmful effects on the animals. Instead, NP and NPn, especially NPn, contributed to the survivorship of the animals. The animals were able to survive throughout the 21-day period of bioassays, and when the particle concentration reached 600 mg L⁻¹, they produced many neonates without any addition of food. This experimental results also indicated that the nanoscale particles were less toxic than the common-scale ones, both for MN and NP. Moreover, the results of the 21-day period of bioassays indicated that when the organisms were exposed to particles of different size scales, they showed different selection patterns for allocating resources. This may be due to the generation of different assimilation and digestion patterns.     

春季南充城区PM_(10)污染水平及其水溶性离子特征研究

采用中流量颗粒物采样器采集了60个可吸入颗粒物(PM10)环境样品,并用离子色谱法(IC)对所采集样品中的8种水溶性离子组成特征进行了分析。结果显示,春季南充城区空气质量良好,PM10中8种水溶性离子浓度大小为SO2-4NO-3Ca2+Na+Cl-K+F-Mg2+。其中SO2-4、NO-3和Ca2+的平均质量浓度分别占总水溶性无机离子(TWSII)的62.4%、23.9%和4.7%。NO-3和SO2-4及Ca2+和Mg2+具有良好的相关关系,燃煤源对PM10的贡献大于机动车移动排放源的贡献;水溶性无机离子主要以NaCl、MgSO4和Mg(NO3)2的形式存在。     

模拟不同排放源排放颗粒及多环芳烃的粒径分布研究

采用再悬浮箱模拟得到不同粒径的烹调油烟、生物质和塑料燃烧烟尘、汽车尾气和发电机烟气等颗粒,并用GC/MS对不同粒径颗粒中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,烹调油烟中颗粒物存在0.44~1.0μm和2.5~10μm两个峰值,稻草和木材燃烧排放烟尘只有0.44~1.0μm一个峰值,塑料燃烧排放烟尘的峰值不明显,汽车尾气尘因含有大量的水汽导致其粒径峰值出现在2.5~10μm,而发电机排放的烟尘约93%集中在≤2.5μm的粒径范围.烹调油烟和汽车尾气尘中低环数PAHs在2.5~10μm范围内的峰值明显;随环数增加,0.44~1.0μm范围内的峰值变得明显;不同排放源亚微米颗粒中单一PAH占全部颗粒态中该PAH的比例都呈现随分子量的增大而增大的趋势.烹调油烟和燃烧排放颗粒中PAHs的组成以菲占主导,但汽车尾气和发电机烟尘中含量最高的PAHs分别是萘和苯并[g,h,i]苝.来源特征比值的比较显示,烹调油烟与生物质燃烧颗粒中PAHs的源特征较为接近,但两者都不同于汽车尾气和发电机烟尘.     

Levels and Trend of Suspended Particles around Large Lignite Power Stations

The results of a 16 year long sampling program in a heavily industrialized area of NW Greece are presented and analyzed. Fourlignite power stations are operated in this area, which account forabout 70% of the total electrical energy produced in Greece.Ambient concentrations of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) over much of the period 1983–1998 as well as of particles of less than10 m aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀) for three years were measured. Emphasis is given on the assessment of the levels of the daily average concentrations for the data period as well asthe determination of the spatial and temporal variation of suspended particle concentrations. Based on the data analysis, useful information is provided about air quality levels after taking into account air quality standards. The interannual concentrations trend is also investigated and an attempt is madeto examine the effectiveness of antipolluting procedures, which have occasionally been implemented in this industrial area. Finally the results are compared to those in the literature.     

影响人类健康的可呼吸性和可吸入颗粒物的研究近况

可呼吸性(粒径小于2.5μm)和可吸入颗粒物(粒径小于10μm)对人体健康的影响越来越引起人们的高度重视,该文将近几年来在可呼吸性和可吸入颗粒物对人类健康影响方面的研究予以评述。     

Some Rheological Properties of Latex from Parthenium argentatum Gray Compared with Latex from Hevea brasiliensis and Ficus elastica

Latex was purified from Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule), Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. (the Brazilian or para rubber tree), and Ficus elastica Roxb. (the Indian rubber tree) in ammonium alginate at pH 10. The rheological properties of the different latices (rubber particle suspensions) were determined and compared using flow temperature ramps. Latex from all three species became more viscous with increasing rubber particle concentration and decreasing temperature. At any particular temperature and concentration, latex from F. elastica was by far the most viscous, whereas the H. brasiliensis latex was the least viscous. In addition, the tendency for the latex to coagulate increased with increasing temperature and increasing particle concentration. F. elastica latex was highly sensitive to temperature, H. brasiliensis latex was the least sensitive, and P. argentatum latex demonstrated intermediate properties. The underlying causes of these differences in latex rheology are not clear but may partially relate to the particle size (largest in F. elastica and smallest in H. brasiliensis), the particle size distribution, and/or to the considerable differences in the biochemical components of the monolayer biomembrane that surrounds the various rubber particles. Differences in the molecular weight of the rubber contained within the rubber particles seem less likely to play a role because the particles remain intact in this study.     

泸州市城市空气自然降尘和硫酸盐化速率的探讨

本文以1992－2001年泸州市城市空气质量数据为依据，指出了该市自然降尘和硫酸盐化速率的变化规律，并对防治对策进行了探讨。