广州地区秋冬季细颗粒物PM_(2.5)化学组分分析

本文对广州地区2009~2010年秋冬季节大气中PM2.5进行采样,并分析PM2.5样品的水溶性离子、重金属元素、有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)、有机酸、多环芳烃浓度和粒径分布。通过分析初步掌握了广州地区秋冬季节大气中PM2.5的化学组分和特点:广州地区秋冬季PM2.5呈现城区高于城郊,PM2.5中有机质(OM)是最主要的成分,其次是硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子和铵根;PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的空间分布特征相似,并受一次源排放影响;PM2.5中铝、锌、铅是含量最高的重金属,且城区重金属浓度高于城郊;PM2.5中17种多环芳烃、苯并a芘(BaP)均为城郊浓度最高。     

灰霾天气的形成与演化

由于经济规模迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,这些人类活动排放的污染物,包括直接排放的气溶胶和气态污染物通过化学转化与光化学转化形成的细粒子二次气溶胶,可形成灰霾(特指人类活动源排放的大气污染物诱发的低能见度事件),致使能见度下降。我国东部地区灰霾天气迅速增加,灰霾天气的本质是细粒子气溶胶污染,与光化学烟雾相关联,形成灰霾天气的气溶胶组成非常复杂。近年来由于灰霾天气日趋严重引发的环境效应问题和气溶胶辐射强迫引发的气候效应问题,广泛地引起科学界、政府部门和社会公众的关注,而成为热门话题。文章讨论了目前对灰霾天气的认识,灰霾的定义与判别标准,灰霾天气与光化学烟雾、气象条件的关系,也涉及灰霾天气对人体健康的影响。展望了灰霾研究的前景与主要研究方向和内容。     

Buses retrofitting with diesel particle filters: Real-world fuel economy and roadworthiness test considerations

Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter(DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency.     

Characterization of coal burning-derived individual particles emitted from an experimental domestic stove

Coal combustion in the domestic stoves, which is common in most parts of the Chinese countryside, can release harmful substances into the air and cause health issues. In this study, particles emitted from laboratory stove combustion of the raw powder coals were analyzed for morphologies and chemical compositions by using transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDX). The coal burning-derived individual particles were classified into two groups: carbonaceous particles(including soot aggregates and organic particles) and non-carbonaceous particles(including sulfate, mineral and metal particles). The non-carbonaceous particles, which constituted a majority of the coal burning-derived emissions, were subdivided into Si-rich, S-rich, K-rich,Ca-rich, and Fe-rich particles according to the elemental compositions. The Si-rich, S-rich and K-rich particles are commonly observed in the coal burning emission. The proportions for particles of different types exhibit obvious coal-issue dependence. Burning of coal with high ash yield could emit more non-carbonaceous particles, and burning of coal with high sulfur content can emit more S-rich particles. By comparing the S-rich particles from this coal burning experiment with those in the atmosphere, we draw a conclusion that some S-rich particles in the atmosphere in China could be mainly sourced from coal combustion.     

N:P stoichiometry and transparent exopolymeric particles buffer ecological impacts of nutrients in the Ganga River: a mesocosm study

We investigated the possible drivers of the N:P stoichiometric shift and its relationship with micro-algal production of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) along a 35?km gradient of the Ganga River. The objective was to evaluate if the trade-off between N:P stoichiometry and production of TEP helps in maintaining water quality of the river. Mesocosm experiments were conducted to examine N:P-TEP linkages and its role in turbidity removal. In situ measurements did not show Si to be a limiting nutrient (N:Si?Aulacosira granulata and Fragilaria intermedia. Settling efficiency, turbidity removal and sedimentation of TEP, biogenic silica (BSi) and biomass all increased with decreasing N:P ratio proportionately to the amount of TEP produced in the mesocosm. The study demonstrates that trade-off between N:P stoichiometry and the production of TEP generates feedback to buffer the ecological impacts of nutrient pollution.     

民用燃煤排放细颗粒中金属元素排放特征及单颗粒分析

通过模拟民用煤炭燃烧,采集了5种不同成熟度的典型块煤燃烧排放的单颗粒和PM_2.5样品.利用带能谱仪的透射电镜研究了金属颗粒的单颗粒特征,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和发射光谱仪获得了PM_2.5样品中14种金属元素（包括8种重金属）的浓度特征.结果显示,民用燃煤排放的含金属元素的颗粒物主要有矿物颗粒、部分碳质颗粒、富K颗粒、富S[K]颗粒、富Fe颗粒、富Zn颗粒和富Pb颗粒共7种.5种民用燃煤排放的14种金属元素占PM_2.5的1.29%~15.54%,其中Al、Ca和Na占金属元素总量的57%~80%,是民用燃煤排放的主要的金属元素;V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb这8种重金属元素占PM_2.5的0.09%~2.53%,其中Zn和Pb占重金属总量的54%~91%,在民用燃煤排放的重金属中占主导.单颗粒分析结果显示Zn和Pb元素主要富集在粒径小于1μm的富Zn和富Pb颗粒中,这些细颗粒能够直接进入人体,对人体健康造成威胁.因此,建议居民应通过使用精煤或天然气等清洁能源来减少重金属的排放.     

Hygroscopicity of ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou, China

In this study, hygroscopicity of size-segregated ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou was studied from 28th December 2009 to 18th January 2010, using a hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA). The submicron particles in Hangzhou showed a minor hygroscopic growth at 73% relative humidity (RH), and then grew significantly between 77% and 82% RH. Monomodal distribution accounted for 90% for 30 nm particles, 17% for 50 nm particles, and less than 7% for particles larger than 50 nm at 82% RH. Deconvolution of the bimodal distribution indicated a less hygroscopic group and a more hygroscopic group, with the fraction of the more hygroscopic group increasing with the initial dry particle size and then remaining almost constant for accumulation mode particles. Our results imply that submicron particles in urban Hangzhou were almost entirely externally mixed, and the hygroscopic properties of ambient particles in urban Hangzhou were mainly a function of their size and chemical composition.     

室内空气中颗粒状污染物的PTV测量

针对室内空气中颗粒状污染物流动特性的测量搭建了PTV测量系统,该系统由白光照明、CCD摄像头采集图像及四轨迹像点匹配算法软件构成.测量结果表明,该PTV系统具有测量室内空气中可吸入颗粒扩散与流动的速度分布、浓度分布等特性.     

细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测现状与建议

细颗粒物和臭氧协同控制是深入打好蓝天保卫战的重要课题.加强细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测,对精准科学制定协同控制策略具有积极意义.文章从监测网络、质量管理、数据应用等方面分析了我国细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测工作的现状;针对协同监测在满足管理需求方面的短板和不足,提出了拓展网络功能、完善技术体系、深化数据应用等建议.     

Processes for sustainable development using high-intensity electric fields

Intense electric fields up to 10⁷ V/m generate very interesting and useful applications for the environment. Several processes using high electrical voltage for environment preservation were developed in the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to review these applications, highlighting their economic and environmental benefits: (1) electrostatic separators of particles used in industrial wastes recycling; (a) role-type electrostatic separator for granular mixtures of plastic–metal particles; (b) free-fall and rotating belt triboelectric separators for mixtures of plastic–plastic particles; (c) plate-type electrostatic separator for mixtures of metal–metal particles, (2) electrostatic precipitators for gas cleaning and (3) ozone generators for air and water treatment.