Human bronchial epithelial cell injuries induced by fine particulate matter from sandstorm and non-sandstorm periods: Association with particle constituents

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the exacerbation of respiratory diseases following sandstorm-derived particulate matter(PM) exposure.The presence of anthropogenic and biological agents on the sandstorm PM and the escalation of PM 2.5 μm(PM2.5)pollution in China have led to serious concerns regarding the health effects of PM2.5during Asian sandstorms.We investigated how changes in PM2.5composition,as the weather transitioned towards a sandstorm,affected human airway epithelial cells.Six PM2.5samples covering two sandstorm events and their respective background and transition periods were collected in Baotou,an industrial city near the Gobi Desert in China.PM samples from all three periods had mild cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B,which was positively correlated with the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals.All PM samples potently increased the release of interleukin-6(IL-6) and interleukin-8(IL-8).Endotoxin in all samples contributed significantly to the IL-6 response,with only a minor effect on IL-8.Cr was positively correlated with both IL-6 and IL-8 release,while Si was only associated with the increase of IL-6.Our study suggests that local agricultural and industrial surroundings in addition to the sandstorm play important roles in the respiratory effects of sandstorm-derived PM.     

双气体射流作用下燃煤可吸入颗粒团聚研究

大气中的可吸入颗粒物对有机体危害很大,已经成为世界范围内重要的大气污染源。在可吸入颗粒团聚室内引入双射流,通过双气体射流在团聚室内形成大小不同尺度涡旋,促进流场可吸入颗粒团聚。实验结果表明:10μm以下的可吸入颗粒在单射流作用下减少了21.9%,在双射流作用下减少了58.0%。异侧双射流的团聚清除率高于同侧双射流的清除效率,异侧双射流管间距增加更有利于可吸入颗粒的团聚。双射流管出口Re增加,颗粒质量清除率增大;但不同粒径颗粒的单级团聚效率则与粒径密切相关。颗粒的质量清除率随着主气流与射流流量比增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势。     

哈尔滨市周边秸秆焚烧对市区空气质量的影响分析研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS),结合哈尔滨市大气污染物排放源谱库对大气污染主要成分进行来源解析,结果表明,秸秆焚烧期间,哈尔滨市环境空气中细颗粒物质量浓度明显上升,生物质燃烧排放源仅低于燃煤和机动车尾气,位列第三大污染源,浓度占总颗粒物浓度的20％.同时,为了探讨秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨市空气质量造成影响的原因,结合气象观测资料,对污染期间气团后向轨迹分析,发现在高空无风不利于污染物扩散的情况下更易加剧哈尔滨环境空气质量污染的程度.     

ELPI 测定环境空气 PM2．5的现场比对研究

采用ELPI自动监测方法与手工采样－重量法对环境空气PM2．5监测进行现场比对研究,按照两种方法数据的相对偏差来评价ELPI方法的数据质量。实验结果表明,两种方法数据的相对偏差范围为－12．9％～17．4％,加权平均值为3．0％;相对偏差的绝对值范围为1．1％～17．4％,平均值为9．3％。 ELPI法的数据质量总体较好,方法的准确度尚可。只是随着空气PM2．5浓度测定值的升高,ELPI法与重量法相对偏差的绝对值显著减小,可见,在低浓度下,ELPI法的数据质量相对较差,此时方法的准确度有待进一步验证、提高。     

Second organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

An indoor chamber facility is described for investigation of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Two sets of α-pinene ozonolysis experiments were conducted in the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed particle: ozone limited experiments and α-pinene limited experiments. The concentration of gas phase and particle phase species was monitored continuously by on-line instruments and recorded automatically by data sampling system. The evolution of size distribution was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer ...     

TiO2,ZnO光催化降解庚烷的活性研究

采用XRD，SPS，XPS，BET技术对TiO2和ZnO超细粉进行了结构、性能测试、考察了不同粒径的超细粉和普通商品（体相）TiO2、ZnO对庚烷的气相光催化反应，结果表明，TiO2（锐钛矿型）光催化活性大于ZnO，锐钛矿型TiO2光催化活性较金红石型TiO2好，对于同一结构的粒子来说，粒径愈小，表面羟基含量愈高，光催化活性愈高，通过反应产物的分析，探讨了反应机理。     

燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律

本文测定了武汉市青山热电厂５＾＃锅炉在两种不同燃烧工况条件下，除尘器入口烟道灰的四种不同粒径灰粒中的Ｃｕ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ｃｒ和Ｂｅ等七种痕量元素的含量。发现大部分元素有在细微粒子中富集的倾向，富集程度与颗粒物粒径大小、元素性质、元素存在形态及燃烧工况条件有密切关系。这种富集倾向可用痕量元素在燃烧过程中的蒸发－凝集作用来解释。     

Variation of particle number and mass concentration in various size ranges of ambient aerosols in Eastern Germany

There is an ongoing debate on the question which size fraction of particles in ambient air may be responsible for short-term responses of the respiratory system as observed in several epidemiological studies. However, the available data on ambient particle concentrations in various size ranges are not sufficient to answer this question.Therefore, on 180 days during the winter 1991/92 daily mean size distributions of ambient particles were determined in. Erfurt, a city in Eastern Germany. In the range 0.01–0.3 μm particles were classified by an electrical mobility analyzer and in the range 0.1–2.5 μm by an optical particle counter. From the derived size distributions, number and mass concentrations were calculated.The mean number concentration over this period of time was governed by particles smaller than 0.1 μm (72%), whereas the mean mass concentration was governed by particles in the size range 0.1–0.5 pm (83%). The contribution of particles larger than 0.5 μm to the overall number concentration was negligible and so was the contribution of particles smaller than 0.1 μm to the overall mass concentration. Furthermore, total number and mass concentrations in the range 0.01–2.5 μm were poorly correlated.The results suggest that particles larger than 2.5 μm (or even larger than 0.5 μm) are rare in the European urban environment so that the inhalation of these particles is probably not relevant for human health. Since particle number and mass concentrations can be considered poorly correlated variables, more insight into health-related aspects of particulate air pollution will be obtained by correlating respiratory responses with mass and number concentrations of ambient particles below 0.5 μm.     

Atmospheric PAH concentrations in fine and coarse particles

Measurements of the urban air concentrations of PAHsassociated with PM2.5-fine and PM10-coarse particles inChicago on the campus of IIT were achieved using a UniversalAir Sampler. Short sampling time (12 hr) and high flowrates were used to measure the PAH concentrations in fineand coarse particles. Measured ambient concentrations ofPAHs were classified based on wind direction and backtrajectory calculations as Land and Lake samples.Differences in ambient concentrations of PAHs were observedbetween Land and Lake samples. Fine particle concentrationsvaried from 9.5 to 25.7 ng m^-3 and averaged18.2 ng m^-3 for the Land samples, while they ranged from4.2 to 31.5 ng m^-3 and averaged 13.4 ng m^-3 for the Lake samples. The measured PAH concentrationsin coarse particles varied from 6.2 to 22.1 ng m^-3 and averaged 12.9 ng m^-3 for the Land samples, andthey ranged from 2.4 to 13.0 ng m^-3 with an average value of 7.3 ng m^-3 for the Lake samples. The fine/coarse ratio of each individual PAH compound varied between1.3 and 2.7 for the Land samples; it varied between 1.6 and 4.2 for the Lake samples. There was an increase in the fine/coarse ratio of PAH as molecular weight of the compound increases for both Land and Lake samples.