物料下落过程中可吸入颗粒物产生特性及控制技术

利用实验室新设计开发的一套装置,研究物料自由下落过程影响可吸入颗粒物产生的因素.通过实验分别测定不同物料、质量流量、含水量、粒径组成和下垫面5个因素对可吸入颗粒物产生的影响.实验结果表明,不同物料可吸入颗粒物产生率不同;随着质量流量和物料含水量的增加,可吸入颗粒物产生率减小,加水是减少可吸入颗粒物排放的最有效方法之一;不同粒径组成和不同下垫面对可吸入颗粒物产生也有影响,但作用并不显著.     

有机膜的无机改性及其性能研究

以无机纳米氧化铝粒子作为无机添加剂与聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）共混,采用相转换法合成了有机-无机共混超滤膜.通过测定膜与纯水的接触角,表征膜的亲水性;用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）观察了膜的表面结构、表面孔分布和断面孔的结构及纳米颗粒在膜中的分散情况;利用杯式超滤装置对改性膜的透过性能、截留性能以及抗污染性能进行了测试;用强度测定仪测定了膜强度.结果表明,纳米Al₂O₃ 的加入改善了PVDF膜的表面亲水性、通量、强度和抗污染性.     

河北省地表水中多环芳烃的分布特征

测定采自河北省12条河流和19个湖泊、水库共37个样点的地表水及悬浮颗粒中16种多环芳烃(PAH16)和有机碳的含量.结果表明,河北省地表水PAH16均值为(84.5±4.5)ng·L-1,悬浮颗粒PAH16含量均值为(17.3±4.4)μg·g-1.地表水中PAH16以中、低环成份为主,悬浮颗粒中则以中环为主.地表水PAH16高浓度样点主要分布在沧州的献县闸、桑园桥,唐山的女织寨及张家口的左卫桥、响水堡等地;悬浮物PAHs高含量样点主要分布在唐山陡河水库、保定西大洋水库、邯郸东武仕水库等地.地表水中PAH16含量与水中溶解态有机碳含量呈对数正相关;而悬浮颗粒中PAH16浓度与颗粒态有机碳浓度无显著相关关系.3个样点的地表水苯并(a)芘含量超过国家地表水质量标准;而悬浮颗粒中,菲、芴和蒽产生负面生态效应的几率较高.     

Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.     

Drinking water production by ultrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration （UF） of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m^2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon （PAC） adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU （below Chinese standard 1 NTU）. It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn, 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

机动车排放细颗粒物精细化源谱构建及应用

利用真空瓶现场采样并结合单颗粒气溶胶质谱(SPAMS)技术,对主流品牌汽油车和柴油车排放细颗粒物进行组分分析和源谱构建。结果表明：汽、柴油车尾气源谱特征整体较为相似,相似度均值达到0.88,均以碳和钙为主要特征组分;部分柴油车特征源谱中硫酸盐特征较为明显,碳组分中OC特征突出;汽油车源谱特征中磷酸盐特征相对突出,且碳组分中短链元素碳占比较高。根据建立的源谱进行实际道路观测,结合风速、风向等气象要素分析,2021年2月1日—24日观测点位对应的移动源占比为33.5%,其中汽油车贡献21.0%,柴油车贡献12.5%。     

煤粒瓦斯扩散行为的气压依赖性研究

为了研究煤粒瓦斯扩散系数对气压的依赖性,应用自主搭建的煤岩吸附瓦斯实验系统进行不同气压条件下的煤粒瓦斯扩散实验,并通过模型拟合得到不同气压条件下的扩散系数,分析扩散系数对气压的依赖性。研究结果表明:实验煤样具有双重孔隙结构;由于煤粒对瓦斯具有吸附性,导致模型拟合得到的扩散系数是表观扩散系数而不是真实扩散系数;表观扩散系数与真实扩散系数呈正比例关系,与等温吸附线斜率呈反比例关系;在低压阶段,煤粒瓦斯扩散由努森扩散主导,此时表观扩散系数与气压呈正比例关系;在高压阶段,煤粒瓦斯扩散由分子扩散主导,此时表观扩散系数与气压呈反比例关系。     

不同粒径大气颗粒物几种重金属成分分析及其致突变性研究

采集冬季太原市一采样点不同粒径大气颗粒物,经分析,总悬浮颗粒物日均浓度为1.04mg/m~3,严重超标。其中粒径小于7.0μm的占49.6％,小于3.3μm的占33.5％。颗粒物无机提取液中5种金属元素的浓度由高到低依次为Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni和Cd。每一种元素均呈随颗粒物粒径减小浓度增高的趋势。以SOS显色法和小鼠体内骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验检测颗粒物的无机提取液和模拟肺泡液溶出液的遗传毒性,表明小粒径颗粒物遗传毒性较强;小于1.1μm的颗粒物,仅用相当于5m~3或10m~3空气量的样品液,即可诱发SOS反应或致染色体损伤。     

甲醇蒸汽在CaO颗粒脱硫反应中的作用机理实验研究

通过在模拟烟气中添加微量的甲醇蒸汽产生自由基从而发生链式反应的方法提高循环流化床干法脱硫反应速率。该实验结果和理论分析表明 :甲醇蒸汽在 90 0℃以下不可能通过热均裂产生自由基 ,而甲醇蒸汽的不完全燃烧过程可以产生自由基 ,引发快速的链式脱硫反应 ,脱硫反应的合理温度为 80 0℃     

天津地区冬季总悬浮颗粒物中PAHs污染特征

采集并分析了天津不同区县13个样点冬季总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明不同样品间PAHs含量差异明显,东部开发区和中北部区县含量明显高于其它地区,大港油田的颗粒物中PAHs含量很低,市区、南部区县和北部山区居中.根据毒性等效因子计算了等效浓度,不同样品PAHs总等效浓度差异不大,占总浓度50%的高环PAHs毒性贡献达90%.