Transport of Sewage Sludge in a Mixed Water Column

Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm²S^-1 and 0-30s^-1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10^-3 cm ^s-1. Shear rates above 15 s^-1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site.     

On the Size Dependence of Particle Deposition

Measurements of dry deposition ofparticles 0.1 to 1.0 m diameter to forest bythroughfall and eddy correlation methods giveresults of 1.0 cm s^-1 or more, whilemechanistic models do not explain values greaterthan about 1 mm s^-1. Results of othermethods involving radioactive tracers arerecalled. These data indicate values of about 5 mm s^-1. The possibility of additionalmechanisms, omitted from the models, is difficultto exclude, but much of the remaining discrepancymay be due to the wide size distribution of theadventitious radioactive tracers in the atmosphere.     

大气颗粒物和降水化学特征的相互关系

分别于2007年在泰安市郊区和深圳市郊区采集了大气颗粒物并同时对降水进行了分级采样,通过降水过程中降水化学特征的变化和降水前后颗粒物浓度和化学组成的改变,讨论了云下冲刷过程中大气颗粒物对降水化学组分的贡献和降水对颗粒物的去除作用.泰安降水雨量加权pH为5.97,总可溶解离子浓度为1 187.96μeq.L-1,PM10的质量浓度为131.76μg/m3,PM2.5为103.84μg/m3.深圳降水雨量加权pH为4.72,总可溶解成分离子浓度为175.89μeq.L-1,PM10的质量浓度为56.66μg/m3,PM2.5为41.52μg/m3.泰安和深圳降水过程中pH和离子浓度都逐渐降低,冲刷过程主要是中和作用.泰安和深圳降水中Na+和Ca2+的去除效率较高,NH4+和NO3-去除效率较低.两地降水化学性质的差别取决于云水酸度、大气颗粒物性质和大气中酸碱性气体差别的共同作用.降水对大气颗粒物质量浓度、离子组分和元素组分都有显著清除作用.     

多分散颗粒悬浊液声传播衰减模型研究

利用Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law理论,推导出了多分散颗粒悬浊液声传播衰减模型,并在实验室利用配制的玻璃微珠和二氧化钛悬浊液进行了5个频率下的声衰减测量.结果与衰减模型进行的数值模拟吻合.通过对渤海某淤积港口的声衰减测量验证,该模型同样适用于浑浊海域的声传播衰减计算.这对于浑浊海域的声纳探测和设计具有重要的工程价值.     

Extraction of 17p-estradiol in water using non-imprinted polymer submicron particles in membrane filters

17β-Estradiol (E2) is an endocrine disrupting chemical of harm to both animals and human beings at a low concentration level (ng/L).It cannot be completely removed by wastewater treatments,and is often detected in both environment and drinking waters.The purpose of this feasibility study,towards environmental engineering in the field of water analysis and treatment,was to remove E2 by extraction using non-imprinted polymer (NIP) submicron particles.Experimental results showed that 0.5 mg/L of E2 could be completely extracted by adding 10 mg of NIP particles directly into 10 mL of water.However,the extraction efficiency decreased to 64% for 100 mL of water.prefilling the NIP particles inside a membrane filter showed a potential for water treatment of a large volume,requiring no effort to distribute the particles uniformly in the water.High extraction efficiency (80±10)% for E2 was achieved for 100 mL of water.A total mass of 0.29 mg E2 was extracted from 1000 mL of water containing 0.8 mg/L E2 (by using only 10 mg of NIP particles).Both efficiency and mass capacity can be increased,by scaling up the amount of NIP particles,towards environmental engineering applications.     

Use of coupling agents to stabilize asphalt–rubber–gravel composite to improve its mechanical properties

The mechanical performance of rubber-modified asphalt roads depends, besides the intrinsic properties of the constituents (asphalt, rubber and gravel), on their interfaces. To improve the adhesion between constituents, two different coupling agents were required: one to link asphalt with the rubber particles to stabilize the composite creating an elastic network in the interior of the material to improve its elastic recovery, and other to increase the adhesion between the hydrophobic asphalt and the hydrophilic gravel. A phenolic resin was used to link the rubber particles with the asphalt, while a switterionic molecule (phosphatidyl-choline) was used to change the OH groups on the gravel surface by hydrocarbon chains to make it compatible with the asphalt.     

秸秆焚烧期的碳黑气溶胶观测及研究

2007年5～6月在合肥市郊3个站点连续实时监测碳黑气溶胶,研究其在秸秆焚烧期的变化特征和来源.正常时期碳黑气溶胶平均质量浓度约为4.85　μg/m³,而秸秆焚烧期其平均浓度约为 8.38　μg/m³,这说明秸秆焚烧是碳黑气溶胶的重要来源.同步监测的PM₁₀与BC一致性较好,相关系数为0.74,一般情况下BC约占PM₁₀的4.7%,而秸秆焚烧期BC/PM₁₀的统计平均值较高,约为7.9%.比对2004年秸秆焚烧期BC浓度数据,证实了合肥市在实行农作物秸秆禁烧后,碳黑气溶胶的污染情况有较大好转.     

采暖期开始前后北京大气颗粒物中化学元素特征及来源

为比较研究采暖期与非采暖期大气颗粒物的特征,2006年11月,在北京城区采用Andersen分级撞击式采样器进行了大气气溶胶分级采样,并利用ICP-MS对其中22种化学元素浓度进行了分析.结果表明,采暖期As、Se、Mo、Cd浓度较采暖前上升2倍以上,Zn、Pb、Tl、K、Se、As、Cu、Cd、Ag在细粒径段的分布出现大幅度的增长,Zn、Na出现向细粒径段移动的趋势.因子分析表明,在采暖期燃烧源的贡献增强,地壳源的贡献减弱.     

上海大气超细颗粒物和工业纳米颗粒的表征及细胞毒性的比较研究

采集了上海市石洞口地区2010年春季不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,使用ICP-AES和FESEM技术分析了颗粒物的化学组成和微观特征,比较了不同粒径的大气颗粒物与3种工业纳米颗粒物的生物活性.结果表明,在染毒剂量为25、50、100和200μg.mL-1时,大气颗粒物水溶组分和不溶组分及工业纳米颗粒均可以抑制A549细胞生长活性并能诱导细胞产生活性氧(ROS),且大气细颗粒水溶组分生物活性最强,在上述染毒剂量下对细胞生长活性的抑制率分别达到13.31%、18.15%、20.43%和23.78%.在纳米尺度的颗粒物染毒组分中,纳米NiO的生物活性最强,在上述染毒剂量下对细胞生长活性的抑制率分别达到11.81%、15.12%、17.62%和19.44%.因此,大气细颗粒物水溶组分是最主要的毒性成分.     

锌金属硫蛋白对PM2.5暴露的运动大鼠血清抗氧化酶及免疫指标的影响

为了探讨锌-金属硫蛋白(Zn-Metallothionein,Zn-MT)对细颗粒污染运动大鼠血清抗氧化酶及免疫指标的影响.选取雄性SD大鼠56只,随机分为安静对照组、运动对照组、Zn-MT+运动组、低剂量PM2.5+运动组、Zn-MT+低剂量PM2.5+运动组、高剂量PM2.5+运动组、Zn-MT+高剂量PM2.5+运动组,采用递增负荷跑台训练后即刻处死,取血测定大鼠血清CAT、T-SOD、GSH、GSH-Px、白细胞介素IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MCP-R1α、并进行有关统计学检验.结果表明,与安静组相比,运动组抗氧化酶下降,白细胞介素及免疫因子升高;与运动对照组相比,PM2.5染毒组大鼠血清SOD、GSH、GSH-Px活性下降且有剂量相同趋势变化;IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MIP-1α显著性上升;补充Zn-MT后,血清抗氧化酶呈回升趋势;IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、MCP-1、MIP-1α有所下降.补充Zn-MT在一定程度上可以减轻由于运动产生自由基而对机体造成氧化应激损伤,保护机体的免疫系统,增强机体的运动能力.