Catalytic destruction of pentachlorobenzene in simulated flue gas by a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) in simulated flue gas was destructed by a commercial V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst in this study. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, space velocity and some co-existing pollutants on PeCB conversion were investigated. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the oxidation of PeCB over the vanadium oxide on the catalysts was proposed. Results show that the increase of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and the decrease of operating temperature both resulted in the decrease of PeCB removal over the catalyst, while the effect of the oxygen content in the range of 5-20% (v/v) on PeCB conversion was negligible. PeCB decomposition could be obviously affected by the denitration reactions under the conditions because of the positive effect of NO but negative effect of NH₃. The introduction of SO₂ caused the catalyst poisoning, probably due to the sulfur-containing species formed and deposited on the catalyst surface. The PeCB molecules were first adsorbed on the catalyst surface, and then oxidized into the non-aromatic acyclic intermediates, low chlorinated aromatics and maleic anhydride.     

Chlorinated solvents in a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant: an assessment of their removal using self-organising maps

The self-organising map approach was used to assess the efficiency of chlorinated solvent removal from petrochemical wastewater in a refinery wastewater treatment plant. Chlorinated solvents and inorganic anions (11 variables) were determined in 72 wastewater samples, collected from three different purification streams. The classification of variables identified technical solvents, brine from oil desalting and runoff sulphates as pollution sources in the refinery, affecting the quality of wastewater treatment plant influent. The classification of samples revealed the formation of five clusters: the first three clusters contained samples collected from the drainage water, process water and oiled rainwater treatment streams. The fourth cluster consisted mainly of samples collected after biological treatment, and the fifth one of samples collected after an unusual event. SOM analysis showed that the biological treatment step significantly reduced concentrations of chlorinated solvents in wastewater.     

MBR在橡胶废水处理中的应用

橡胶废水具有含盐量高、色度高、有机污染成分含量高且难于生化降解等特点。膜生物反应器(MBR)技术的核心是生化处理加微滤膜过滤,通过将MBR技术应用于橡胶废水处理的实践表明,该技术对COD、氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率都达到了85%以上,再辅之以药剂处理后,降低了色度和难降解有机物含量,出水水质完全符合排放标准的要求,是一种解决橡胶污水处理难题的有效途径。     

Potential particulate pollution derived from UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide

UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was carried out in a static White cell chamber with UV irradiation. The combination of in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) technique, filter sampling and ion chromatographic (IC) analysis was used to monitor the gaseous and potential particulate products. During 240 min of UV irradiation, the degradation e ciency of DMS attained 20.9%, and partially oxidized sulfur-containing gaseous products, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were identified by in situ FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Accompanying with the oxidation of DMS, suspended particles were directly detected to be formed by WPS techniques. These particles were measured mainly in the size range of accumulation mode, and increased their count median diameter throughout the whole removal process. IC analysis of the filter samples revealed that methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other unidentified chemicals accounted for the major non-refractory compositions of these particles. Based on products analysis and possible intermediates formed, the degradation pathways of DMS were proposed as the combination of the O(1D)- and the OH- initiated oxidation mechanisms. A plausible formation mechanism of the suspended particles was also analyzed. It is concluded that UV-induced degradation of odorous DMS is potentially a source of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere.     

和田绿洲沙尘暴物质输送路径及其对大气环境质量的影响

为了研究来自不同方向的沙尘暴对和田绿洲大气环境质量的影响，本文利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素数据，将和田绿洲西北部的墨玉县城作为模拟受点（37.26°N，79.72°E），计算2016年1月1日—2018年12月31日发生的每一次沙尘天气期间逐日18：00（世界时）36 h后向气流轨迹，轨迹计算起始高度设置为500 m，并结合相应的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃浓度监测数据进行聚类分析，研究抵达该地区的沙尘暴的主要移动轨迹和污染物输送路径.同时，运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和权重污染轨迹分析法，分析了沙尘暴期间不同气流轨迹对墨玉县污染物浓度的影响，识别大气污染物的潜在源区，揭示不同源区对污染物浓度的贡献差异.结果表明，影响和田绿洲（墨玉县）的沙尘暴主要来自西北（WN）、北（N）、东北（EN）和东（E）4个方向；其中，来自东部的沙尘天气频率最高（60.2%），但主要以浮尘天气为主；扬沙和强沙尘暴主要来自西部方向，54.48%的强沙尘暴和38.53%的扬沙来自西和西北方向.不同沙尘源区和不同传输路径上的沙尘气溶胶对和田绿洲大气环境的影响不一样.沙尘天气期间，大气PM_2.5和PM₁₀的平均浓度相当于无沙尘天气期间的3~5倍，但对SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃质量浓度的影响不大；由西向东和由北向南的沙尘暴对墨玉县PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献率最大；由东向西的沙尘暴由于路过和田市和洛浦县等工业污染源区，此簇沙尘暴气团将该区域SO₂、NO₂、CO等污染颗粒携带到墨玉县，因此，东-东南（E-ES）方向的沙尘暴对SO₂、NO₂、CO的贡献率分别为15.56%、20.55%和21.57%.本文定量印证了沙尘暴对和田绿洲大气环境质量的影响，可为绿洲区沙尘暴研究提供参考.     

夏秋季宁波市气态元素汞(GEM)污染特征及潜在源区贡献分析

气态元素汞(gaseous elemental mercury,GEM)是普遍存在于大气中的对生物体有害的重金属元素其化学性质稳定,在大气中停留时间长,可随气团长距离输送属于全球性污染物.本研究于2017年夏秋季对宁波市大气GEM、常规污染物和气象参数进行综合观测,研究沿海地区GEM受人为源和自然源共同作用下的迁移转化规律及潜在源贡献来源.结果表明:①观测期间大气GEM的平均质量浓度为(2.32±0.90) ng·m^-3,变化范围为0.97～10.95 ng·m^-3,且夏季低于秋季.②GEM、O₃和GOM在夏季、秋季、晴天和阴雨天的日内浓度变化表明,高浓度的O₃和强烈的光照可加速GEM发生光化学反应,GEM在晴天的光化学氧化强度高于阴雨天.③相关性分析表明,GEM与PM_2.5(R=0.65,P<0.01)、PM₁₀(R=0.47,P<0.01)、NO₂(R=0.46,P<0.01)和CO(R=0.57,P<0....     

2-丁烯醛生产废水的臭氧脱毒预处理

CMW（crotonaldehyde manufacturing wastewater,2-丁烯醛生产废水）污染物浓度高、毒性强、直接采用生物法处理难度大.为了降低CMW的生物处理毒性,采用臭氧氧化法对CMW进行脱毒预处理,并通过考察不同臭氧氧化条件对废水COD_Cr、TOC（总有机碳）、UV_{254 nm}去除率及SMA（specific methanogenic activity,比产甲烷活性）抑制率的影响,获得了优化的臭氧氧化条件,进一步分析了废水脱毒机理.结果表明:①优化的臭氧氧化条件为接触反应时间180 min、初始pH 3.0、反应温度35℃、气相臭氧浓度30.3 mg/L,进气流量500 mL/min;并且在该条件下,CMW中COD_Cr、TOC和UV_{254 nm}的去除率分别为19.9%、9.9%和70.6%,主要特征有机污染物[包括2-丁烯醛、（E,E）-2,4-己二烯醛、3-（2-甲基-2-丙烯）-5-戊内酯、1,5-二甲基-1-烯-4-羰基-环氧己烷、山梨酸乙酯等]的去除率在74.4%以上.②厌氧产甲烷毒性试验结果显示,CMW的SMA抑制率由臭氧氧化前的82.0%降至臭氧氧化后的47.2%.③反应动力学研究显示,CMW中COD_Cr、TOC及UV_{254 nm}的去除过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,R2分别为0.82、0.97、0.94.研究显示,臭氧氧化预处理可以较好地去除CMW中的特征有机污染物,降低废水的厌氧生物处理毒性,是一种可行的脱毒预处理方法.      

典型西南工业城市柳州市核心区大气污染物时空分布与气象因素研究

为研究柳州市核心区大气污染物浓度时空变化规律与气象因素之间的关系,统计分析了2018年全年研究区内6个自动监测站点PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的浓度监测数据和气象站气象数据,并对28次超标日污染物来源进行了解析.结果显示:①核心区颗粒污染物污染较为严重,且以PM_(2.5)为主的细颗粒污染物仍为柳州市主要的大气污染物;各污染物月均浓度季节差异显著,除NO_2外柳州大气污染物浓度下降明显,指示柳州市多项节能减排综合整治措施成效显著;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO受早晚高峰期影响,浓度日变化均呈双峰型;NO_2在不同季节峰型不同,作为O_3前体物其浓度日变化与O_3相反,呈现"早峰午谷"的变化趋势.②通过对污染物浓度插值发现,由于核心区主要工商业区位于西部且处于主导风向下风向,故PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度西北高、东南低,PM_(10)、NO_2和CO浓度西南高、东北低;核心区东部的山区为O_3生成带来大量前体物,使O_3浓度东南高、西北低.③由于气候特征,核心区春、夏季主要气象因素均为降水量;秋季的主要气象因素是风速,风速与污染物的负相关关系表明了风的扩散效应;冬季大部分污染物与气象因素的相关性不显著,表明人为因素对污染物的影响大于气象因素;核心区大气污染物主要来源于局地排放和区域传输,且南北主导风向对大气污染影响最大.④HYSPLIT模型结果指示柳州超标日大气污染物主要来自于珠三角地区,且陆源颗粒物浓度普遍比海洋源高,来自南部的远距离输送气流颗粒物含量最低,表明远距离输送为影响颗粒物传播的主要原因.     

锡工业砷和铅排放标准的初步研究

根据污染源现场调研结果,结合现有污染控制工艺所能达到的技术水平,建议污水排放标准中As浓度由现国家排放标准的0 5mg/L调整为0 1mg/L;Pb不变为1 0mg/L。大气污染物排放标准中As和Pb不变为1 0mg/L。大气污染物排放标准As和Pb的浓度限值分别是为0 5mg/m3和0 7mg/m3。