State wetlands and riparian area protection programs

The protection of wetlands and riparian areas has emerged as an important environmental planning issue. In the United States, several federal and state laws have been enacted to protect wetlands and riparian areas. Specifically, the federal Clean Water Act includes protection requirements in Sections 301 and 303 for state water quality standards, Section 401 for state certification of federal actions (projects, permits, and licenses), and Section 404 for dredge and fill permits. The Section 401 water quality state certification element has been called the “sleeping giant” of wetlands protection because it empowers state officials to veto or condition federally permitted or licensed activities that do not comply with state water quality standards. State officials have used this power infrequently. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of state wetland and riparian programs. Contacts were established with officials in each state and in the national and regional offices of key federal agencies. Based on interviews and on a review of federal and state laws, state program effectiveness was analyzed. From this analysis, several problems and opportunities facing state wetland protection efforts are presented.     

台风侵袭我国南方地区而产生的风灾

本文从气候学角度统计、分析了台风登陆或影响我国３０°Ｎ以南地区８省（浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南、台湾、江西、湖南）而产生风灾的频数分布、季节变化、年变化以及概率分布的特征。     

Management and valuation of an environmentally sensitive area: Norfolk Broadland,England, case study

Wetlands, like any other environmentally sensitive resource, require very careful evaluation. While it is accepted that all wetlands may be equally valuable in terms of maintaining global life-support systems, individual areas may be ranked according to their uniqueness or the irreplaceability of the resource should the wetland be developed. The various techniques available for evaluating the wetland resource in the development versus conservation conflict situation are critically assessed. Indirect appraisal via the opportunity cost method can generate valuable data which have contributed to the mitigation of such conflict situations.The Broadland, in Norfolk, England, recently designated an environmentally sensitive area (ESA), provides a case study example of wetland management. The search for an acceptable flood alleviation strategy for the ESA is examined in detail. The economic and environmental asset structure of the study area is examined at two levels. A basic screening system is applied to each of the identified flood protection planning units to enable the rank ordering of the units. A more detailed appraisal is then made of the value of selected units so that the cost-effectiveness of any planned expenditure on flood protection works can be assessed. Specific management issues and their likely effect on the environment, in terms of land use for example, are also addressed. The 1986 Agriculture Act marks a potential watershed in British conservation policy. The ESA policy encompasses a dual management strategy that attempts to stimulate compatible agricultural and conservation practices and activities. Other countries that still retain significant unspoiled wetland resources may find that preemptive regulatory government intervention in favor of conservation would help to avoid the worst aspects of the British experience.     

山东省地下水位下降引发的灾害及减灾对策

近二十年来山东省经济迅速发展与水资源匮乏的矛盾不断加剧。超量开采地下水导致地下水位持续的急剧下降，其结果引发了地裂缝、地面塌陷、海（咸）水入侵、生态环境恶化等一系列人为自然灾害。本文分析了这些灾害的基本特征并指出解决水资源不足是促进山东省经济持续高速发展并减轻地下水位下降灾害的根本措施。     

农村生态环境破坏机理初探

农村生态环境的破坏已成为制约我国农村经济健康发展的因素之一。在概述我国农村生态环境主要问题的基础上，着重分析了导致生态环境恶化的原因，主要包括工业污染、农业污染、政府行为、城市化建设、农民的环境意识淡薄、环保基础设施薄弱等，并提出了相应的对策。     

基于多种预测模型的玉米低温冷害预测集成模型

引入大气环流特征量因子、500hPa高度场因子、太平洋海温因子以及预报量本身的均值周期因子等四类因子的低温冷害预测子模型来建立玉米低温冷害预测集成模型。利用该集成模型预报下一年温度等级时，将上一年的实况资料输入预测模型，滚动预测，克服了统计模型预报时效短的缺点，且试报准确性高，无错报。     

电液舵机系统的可靠性强化试验方案设计

以电液舵机为研究对象,根据其自身特点建立故障树,以得到系统的薄弱环节及主要故障模式。通过分析得到电液舵机系统的敏感应力,对可靠性强化试验应用于此类机电液一体化的产品进行了可行性分析,并设计了适用于电液舵机系统的可靠性强化试验方案。     

海底隧道用海面积界定方法及宗海图编绘探讨

在了解海底隧道类型的前提下,对可能影响海底隧道用海界定的因素进行筛选,从中选出相对影响最大的海底爆破振动因素进行研究。以大连湾海底隧道的相关数据为例,利用前苏联萨道夫斯基经验公式,计算出大连湾海底隧道的安全保护距离,即海底隧道用海界址外扩距离。最终,按照文中提出的宗海(空间)界址图的编绘方案,绘制出大连湾海底隧道的宗海图。     

葫芦岛市重点地区土壤重金属污染风险评估

采用风险指数法对葫芦岛市重点地区土壤重金属污染进行风险评估,结果表明：重点地区土壤存在程度不同的健康风险和生态风险,其中重污染企业及周边地区土壤金属锌存在健康风险,采矿区及周边地区存在生态风险。     

葫芦岛市近岸海域环境质量持续优良原因探究

从自然条件、污染治理、行政管理等方面,对葫芦岛市近岸海域水质环境质量近年来持续保持优良的原因进行了客观分析。