自贸区效应下山东省渔业资源开发基准选择

国家间自贸区的设立,将更加有利于各签约国资源环境利用效率的提升。本文采用贸易指数测算方法,分析了中、挪、韩在海水产品生产、加工及贸易流通中的各自优势。挪威因丰富的渔业资源和先进的渔业技术,在海水产品养殖及加工领域中具有全球引领作用;韩国有相对更加严格的海水产品安全检疫检验体系,可以确保海水产品的品质安全。随着中韩自贸区的实施及中挪重启双边自贸协定谈判,三国海洋渔业彼此间将进入自贸型竞争态势。如何运用自贸区效应,积极促进渔业资源开发比较潜能的发挥,进一步融入全球化,对于我国,尤其是对山东省渔业实现跨越式发展都是一个亟待破解的课题。山东省作为中国第一渔业大省,在继"海上山东"战略实施基础上,又率先提出"海上粮仓"建设规划设想。针对目前山东省渔业发展中存在的瓶颈问题,本文结合全球贸易分析模型(GTAP)的模拟,在中挪、中韩自贸区背景下对各方海水产品贸易的影响进行了系统分析,提出:在当前海水养殖产量大于捕捞产量的格局下,山东"海上粮仓"建设应以自贸区制度所形成的倒逼机制为互动机理,切实落实海产品养殖生产的安全标准底线和生态系统水平提升的两个基准维度,全面践行可持续健康的渔业资源开发理念,在全国先行完成开放型"海上粮仓"示范体系的建设,以推动我国海水产品生产与加工从量到质的转型,实现海水资源开发与生态环境保护并举,提升我国海洋渔业的国际竞争力。     

Performance investigation of a new solar desalination unit based on sequential flat plate and parabolic dish collector

A new system composed of a sequential flat plate and parabolic dish solar collector was applied to enhance the solar desalination productivity. Heated saline water was desalinated using the evaporation/condensation principle and an effort was made to achieve higher distillate production compared to previous studies. Desalination efficiency values were calculated between 23% and 57%. Maximum desalinated water productions were obtained as 1,038 mL/m².h in autumn and 1,402 mL/m².h in summer. The cost of solar desalination system was found as economically feasible with 3 years’ payback period and the produced water cost of 0.014 $/L. Physicochemical analyses revealed that as a result of the desalination process, salinity level decreased from 35.6‰ to 0.0–0.1‰, chloride concentration decreased from 21,407 mg/L to 10 mg/L, and electrical conductivity decreased from 53.1 mS/cm to 0.11 mS/cm.     

物种敏感度分布(SSD)方法在农药环境风险评估中的应用

物种敏感度分布法(Species Sensitive Distribution,SSD)能够依据不同物种对农药等胁迫因素的敏感度服从一定的累积概率分布,以统计形式将多种非靶标物种的实验室数据进行汇总分析,获得物种对农药的敏感度差异,作为效应评估指标应用于农药风险评估。本文综述了SSD概念、方法原理、国内外研究和应用进展,并以毒死蜱为例进行了数据分析。由此建议继续关注国际上对SSD及更复杂模型模拟研究进展,以便应用于我国农药环境风险评估,推动我国农药管理的持续发展。     

贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线空间分异与管控措施研究

贵州省石漠化演变态势遏制了长江、珠江流域的生态安全需要。为响应国家生态环境保护与修复政策,加强长江上游生态保护工作,遏制贵州省生态环境恶化趋势,研究基于遥感和GIS技术,针对贵州省喀斯特石漠化等典型生态环境问题,依据《生态红线划定技术指南》(2015-06)建立敏感性评价指标体系及评价模型,评价贵州省石漠化敏感性现状,划定石漠化敏感区生态保护红线,定量揭示贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线现状及地域分异,并根据贵州省石漠化治理实际情况,提出具体管控措施。结果表明:(1)2011年贵州省石漠化敏感性以强度敏感性为主,面积达36 227.83 km~2,占全省喀斯特地貌面积的32.23%,总体分布规律呈条带状分布;(2)通过叠加分析得出石漠化敏感区的空间分布与石漠化现状有一定关系,表现为除去无明显石漠化、潜在石漠化、不敏感性、轻度敏感性之外,已石漠化土地与中度以上敏感性所占面积比例变化趋势呈正相关。(3)贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线面积达6 814.25 km~2,占全省国土面积的3.87%;主要由破碎斑块组成,较集中分布于贵州北部、南部及西部地区,其中遵义市、毕节市以及黔南州面积最大、最集中;(4)石漠化敏感区生态红线的管控措施应实施治理与保护并行,主要以保护为主,同时,加强石漠化敏感区综合治理以及生态保护政策体系建设。     

云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿(WTP)影响因素及差异性分析

生态补偿是协调经济与资源环境和谐发展,化解生态环境与经济增长矛盾的有效手段,对推进生态文明建设意义深远。基于云南省5个州市农户调查数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析了云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿的关键影响因素及其差异性。研究表明:大部分农户愿意为生态补偿付费,影响其支付意愿的主要因素是性别、年龄、是否兼业、家庭人口数、非农收入比重、生态补偿重要性认知、森林经济效益是否比生态效益重要、生态环境满意度、政府是否对生态环境保护宣传、政策执行信任度以及信息获取难易程度;其中年龄、家庭农业劳动力人数和信息获取难易程度对专业户支付意愿有重要影响,而家庭人口数、非农收入比重以及获得政府补偿的情况对兼业户支付意愿有重要影响;是否兼业、非农收入比重、对生态补偿了解程度以及信息获取难易程度对传统散户支付意愿影响较大;对政策执行的信任程度和产业发展程度对种植大户支付意愿有重要影响。基于此,提出了完善政府农村就业服务职能,鼓励农户非农就业、创业;完善生态功能区环境教育体系和宣传制度建设,强化农户环保意识;强化政府职责及其政策推广、执行力度,构建综合、完善的生态补偿宣传媒介;制定并实施差异化的生态补偿措施等具体对策建议。     

干旱生态敏感区水电站环境影响后评价指标体系研究

针对干旱生态敏感区水电站环境影响后评价的要求,设计备选指标集,采用频次分析法进行指标初选,采用专家咨询法进行指标精选,建立由4项二级指标、14项三级指标构成的干旱生态敏感区水电站环境影响后评价指标体系,采用层次分析法给每个指标赋予权重.将该评价指标体系用于某水电站建设的实例分析,结果表明,水电站运行以来总体上有利影响大...     

国家行政征用海域使用权补偿标准法律问题探讨

根据2002年开始实施的《中华人民共和国海域使用管理法》,在海域使用管理法中关于国家行政征用海域使用权、进行清海补偿标准的未作规定,只在渔业管理法中规定参照土地管理法的补偿标准进行补偿,因此,各沿海地区确定征用补偿标准缺乏统一标准。本文根据国家行政征用海域使用权补偿存在的无专门系统的行政征用补偿法、海域征用补偿程序混乱、海域征用补偿救济手段不完善、海域管理适用法律冲突和安置补偿与生产损失补偿混淆在一起等问题进行了探讨,对于完善国家行政征用海域补偿制度提出了法律建议。     

Factors influencing farmers' concerns regarding bovine tuberculosis in wildlife and livestock around Riding Mountain National Park

Despite intensive efforts over the last century to eradicate bovine tuberculosis (TB) in North America, several hotspots of infected wildlife and livestock remain, raising concerns that the disease will never be eradicated. The stress and frustration for a farmer caused by having a herd test positive for TB or living in an infected region can be substantial. The goal of this study was to investigate the concerns of farmers around Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP) regarding the presence of TB in wildlife and livestock and conduct an exploratory analysis of causal factors. Data were collected from 786 farmers within 50 km of RMNP using a mail-back questionnaire. Overall, farmers indicated a high level of concern toward diseases in both wildlife and cattle relative to other concerns. The spatial variables that had the greatest influence on TB concern were both the distance of farms to the RMNP boundary and distance of farms to previous cases of TB. The most important aspatial factor associated with high TB concern was the frequency with which farmers observed elk on their land. These results underscore the important differences between 'objective' measures of risk, such as epidemiological estimates of disease prevalence, and subjective measures of disease concern, such as risk perception and acceptability of management actions. Written responses suggest that concerns regarding disease may affect how farmers view wildlife on their land and their relationship with neighbouring protected areas. Management activities that reduce the frequency of elk interactions with farms, but also recognize the complex relationship that farmers have with wildlife and protected areas, will be most effective in mitigating farmer concern regarding this important problem.     

Use of Remote-Trip Cameras for Wildlife Surveys and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Conservation Activities at a Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province,China

Monitoring the effectiveness of management activities within reserves is always a complicated task. When the focus of management activities is mammals, it is difficult to monitor their populations in a way that is rapid, effective, and inexpensive. We report on a mammal survey of a reserve in southwest China using remote-trip cameras. We surveyed 329 locations over 2 field seasons in 2002 and 2003. Sixteen species of mammals were detected with these cameras, with four species documented for the first time. After accounting for variation due to slope, aspect, elevation, and habitat type, the distribution of six species was positively associated with the location of conservation stations and/or patrolling routes. Species of medium-sized mammals are excellent candidates for monitoring programs based on these cameras, due to their relative abundance, sufficient size to be detected by the camera units, and sensitivity to human activity. The distribution of mammals relative to management efforts is a relatively rapid means to assess reserve effectiveness. The repeat use of the cameras as part of a monitoring plan should provide a quantifiable measure of reserve effectiveness.     

Improving Community-Based Conservation Near Protected Areas: The Importance of Development Variables

Community-based conservation projects implemented in conjunction with protected area management often struggle to meet expectations. This article argues that outcomes will improve if project leaders pay closer attention to four development indicators—rights, capacity, governance, and revenue—that are often taken for granted or considered beyond the scope of local conservation projects. I make the case for focusing on these variables in four steps. First, I distinguish community-based conservation linked to protected area management from community-based institutions studied by scholars of the commons. Second, I draw on the theory and practice of international development to highlight the central relevance of the variables highlighted in this article to development projects at all levels. Third, I discuss the four variables in some detail, considering problems of definition and measurement and reviewing possible interactions among them. Fourth, to illustrate the influence of the variables in particular cases, I review outcomes from community-based conservation projects implemented near protected areas in El Salvador and Zimbabwe.