COMBUSTIVE APPROACH FOR MEASURING TOTAL VOLATILE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT IN LANDFILL GAS

A technique was developed to measure the total gaseous phosphorus content in biogas. The amount of air needed for a neutral to oxidising flame was mixed with the biogas. The gas mixture was burnt in a closed quartz burner and the combustion gasses were bubbled through a nitric acid solution. The phosphate content in the bubbling liquid was determined with sector field ICP-MS. The technique was validated in the lab with phosphine. Afterwards the set-up was installed on a landfill. The total gaseous phosphorus content in the landfill gas, measured with the combustive technique, ranged from 1.65 to 4.44 g P/m³. At the same time the phosphine concentration in the landfill gas was determined gas chromatographically (GC). The phosphine (PH₃) content measured with GC ranged from 7.6 to 16.7 g PH₃-P/m³. Since the phosphine-P content (GC) was consistently higher than the total gaseous phosphorus content (burner/ICP-MS), the hypothesised presence of highly toxic gaseous phosphorus compounds other than phosphine could not be demonstrated.     

Preliminary air pollution monitoring in San Miguel, Buenos Aires

Passive diffusion samplers were employed in San Miguel(Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area) for a preliminary airpollution monitoring. The highest loads were observedin downtown, compared with an urban background site.Total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) varied from0.257 to 0.033 mg cm^-2 month^-1; dust was examinedfor particle nature and size distribution. A similartrend was observed for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) andTSPM spatial distribution, suggesting that traffic isthe major pollution source. Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)values were low and rather homogeneous. Levels for theinvestigated pollutants are below EPA's guide linevalues. Geographic (flat area, near to Rio de LaPlata) and climatologic factors (rainfalls andvariable wind directions) contribute to disperse pollutants.     

An Assessment on Variation of Sulphur Dioxide and Particulate Matter in Erzurum (Turkey)

Sulphur dioxide and PM₁₀ levels are investigated in Erzurum during the periods of 1990–2000 heating season to assess air pollution level. For that reason, emissions of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were calculated by using consumption of fuels and Turkish emission factors. These emission values were evaluated together with air pollution levels, which were measured at six stations in Erzurum atmosphere during 1990–2000 winter periods. Results reveal that in 1990–1994 heating period, there is an increasing trend in the emissions and air pollution levels over Erzurum, and the air quality limits were not met. The daily 24 h limit (short-term limit) was exceeded 127 days in 1992–1993 winter period. The reason for this increase was found to be the switching to use of low-quality fossil fuels instead of cleaner ones. Results also indicated that there was a considerable decrease in emissions of air pollutants and air pollution levels after 1995. This can be explained by the consumption of more high-quality fossil fuels. The correlation coefficient of SO₂ with PM₁₀ is obtained as r² = 0.85, which is a high value supporting the idea that both pollutants are emitted from the same source.     

Atmospheric particulate pollution of Lanzhou using magnetic measurements

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｉｔｍａｙｂｅｈａｒｍｆｕｌｉｔｓｅｌｆａｎｄｃａｎａｃｔａｓａｃａｒｒｉｅｒｏｆｔｏｘｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｓｗｈｉｃｈｍａｙｈａｖｅｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅｉｍｐａｃｔｓｏｎｈｕｍａｎｈｅａｌｔｈａｎｄａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｑｕａｌｉｔｙ．Ｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏａｌ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｔｉｌｌｓｅｒｖｅｓａｓｐｒｉｍａｒｙｅ…     

温泉宾馆室内PM_(10),PM_(2.5),CO_2和~(222)Rn的研究

对广东省 4座温泉宾馆室内外氡(222Rn)浓度和温泉水氡浓度进行研究,同时利用便携式探测器对室内外 PM10,PM2.5,CO2和CO 等污染物暴露水平进行直接测定.结果表明,温泉宾馆室内使用温泉水时氡浓度明显高于广东省室内平均氡浓度.除 CO 外,室内 PM10,PM2.5 和CO2 浓度都较高,其中 PM10 和 CO2 的超标率分别达到 67%和 89%.说明温泉宾馆室内不仅存在一般性污染物,而且存在高浓度的 Rn. 222     

青岛地区大气气溶胶海洋因子贡献研究

本文对青岛地区大气气溶胶海洋因子的贡献进行了分析研究，得出以下结构：（１）复季受海洋影响要比冬季明显得多；（２）就质量浓度而言，ＩＰ（ｉｎｈａｌａｂｌｅ ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ）中的海盐源要高于ＴＳＰ（ｔｏｔａｌ ｓｕｓｐｅｎｄｅｄ ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅｓ）；（３）海洋影响的程度和离海边的距离有关。离海逾远，受海洋影响就逾小；离海连逾近，受其影响就逾大；（４）ＩＰ冬季海盐源为２％－４％，夏季为１０％－     

Connecting sources, fractions and algal availability of sediment phosphorus in shallow lakes: An approach to the criteria for sediment phosphorus concentrations

Although point and nonpoint sources contribute roughly equal nutrient loads to lakes, their relative role in supporting algae growth has not been clarified. In this research, we have established a quantitative relationship between algae-available phosphorus (P) and P chemical fractions in sediments; the latter indicates the relative contribution of point versus nonpoint sources. Surface sediments from three large shallow lakes in eastern China, namely, the Chaohu, Taihu and Hongzehu Lakes, were sampled to assess their algae-available P and chemically extracted P fractions. The algae-available P primarily comes from iron/aluminium (hydr)oxide-bound P (Fe/Al-bound P), 45% of which is algae-available P. The ratio of Fe/Al-bound P to calcium compound-bound P (Ca-bound P) indicated the relative contribution of point to nonpoint sources, with the point sources contributing the majority of increased Fe/Al-bound P in sediments. Therefore, the reduction of point sources from urbanized areas, rather than nonpoint sources from agricultural areas that primarily contribute to the Ca-bound P fraction, should be prioritized to alleviate cyanobacterial algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in shallow lakes with sediment P as a potential source to support algae growth. With these important results, we proposed a conceptual model for “P-pumping suction” from sediments to algae to aid in the development of the criteria for sediment P concentrations in shallow lakes.     

软式排球健身价值的研究

运用文献、调查访问、观察、实验、统计及分析等研究方法,对有、无排球技术基础学生的对比分析,探讨软式排球的健身价值。研究结果表明:软式排球较硬式排球技术更易学习掌握,更易在学生中组织比赛,有着很重要的健身价值。为使软式排球更具有健身和娱乐性,应在比赛中灵活制定比赛规则。     

柴油机排放碳颗粒物的催化燃烧

在热天平装置上考察了柴油机和碳颗粒物燃烧催化剂的活性，讨论了样品制备因素对样品失重的影响，这些因素包括碳颗粒物组成、催化剂栽体、催化剂与碳颗粒物质量比，着重筛选了催化剂的组份，得到了组份催化剂ＣｕＣｌ２－ＫＣｏ－ＮＨ４ＶＯ３其５５０℃焙烧后能使样品的Ｔｍ和Ｔｆ值都降低１８０℃以上，并对催化剂的热稳定性进行了研究。     

兰州市交通要道颗粒物污染状况及其致突变活性的研究

采用现场监测，色－质联用分析以及小鼠骨髓微核试验方法，评价了兰州市交通要道颗粒物的污染状况，分析了颗粒提取物（PE）的有机组成及致突变活性。结果表明，兰州市总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）污染严重。颗粒提取物中含有近100种有机化合物，其中包括致癌性多环芳烃。微核试验显示PE具有致突变活性，对人群健康的影响不容忽视。