设施农业土壤磷素累积迁移转化及影响因素

为了科学合理施用磷肥,减小对设施农业环境带来的污染风险,以北京市大兴区设施农业集中区为研究对象,通过对不同种植年限设施农业剖面土壤(0～100 cm)磷素含量的测定分析,探究磷素累积与迁移转化特征.结果表明,设施农业表层土壤全磷和有效磷含量变化范围大,显著高于周边粮田土壤,主要跟不同种植年限农户的施磷量相关,随着土层深度的增加,全磷和有效磷含量逐渐减小,呈现表聚特征,其中土壤ω(全磷)范围在0.38～2.58 g·kg^-1,ω(有效磷)范围在1.60～256.00 mg·kg^-1.随着种植年限的增加,土壤全磷和有效磷含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在15 a左右达到峰值,随后逐渐减少,趋于稳定,总体处于较高水平.无机磷主要集中在设施农业表层土壤,其中Ca-P占无机磷的比例最大,达到了98.38%,Ca₁₀-P是最主要的Ca-P形态,含量占Ca-P的78.70%,Ca₂-P占比最小,仅占9.50%.不同形态无机磷含量呈现表层土壤富集,向下减少的垂直分布特征;不同土层深度,不同形态无机磷占全磷比例变化存在差...     

Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors

A new air exchange rate (AER) monitoring method using continuous CO₂ sensors was developed and validated through both laboratory experiments and field studies. Controlled laboratory simulation tests were conducted in a 1-m³ environmental chamber at different AERs (0.1-10.0 hr^-1). AERs were determined using the decay method based on box model assumptions. Field tests were conducted in classrooms, dormitories, meeting rooms and apartments during 2-5 weekdays using CO₂ sensors coupled with data loggers. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations were continuously monitored while outdoor parameters combined with on-site climate conditions were recorded. Statistical results indicated that good laboratory performance was achieved: duplicate precision was within 10%, and the measured AERs were 90%-120% of the real AERs. Average AERs were 1.22, 1.37, 1.10, 1.91 and 0.73 hr^-1 in dormitories, air-conditioned classrooms, classrooms with an air circulation cooling system, reading rooms, and meeting rooms, respectively. In an elderly particulate matter exposure study, all the homes had AER values ranging from 0.29 to 3.46 hr??1 in fall, and 0.12 to 1.39 hr^-1 in winter with a median AER of 1.15.     

An air quality forecasting system in Beijing - Application to the study of dust storm events in China in May 2008

An air pollution forecast system, ARIA Regional, was implemented in 2007-2008 at the Beijing Municipality Environmental Monitoring Center, providing daily forecast of main pollutant concentrations. The chemistry-transport model CHIMERE was coupled with the dust emission model MB95 for restituting dust storm events in springtime so as to improve forecast results. Dust storm events were sporadic but could be extremely intense and then control air quality indexes close to the source areas but also far in the Beijing area. A dust episode having occurred at the end of May 2008 was analyzed in this article, and its impact of particulate matter on the Chinese air pollution index (API) was evaluated. Following our estimation, about 23 Tg of dust were emitted from source areas in Mongolia and in the Inner Mongolia of China, transporting towards southeast. This episode of dust storm influenced a large part of North China and East China, and also South Korea. The model result was then evaluated using satellite observations and in situ data. The simulated daily concentrations of total suspended particulate at 6:00 UTC had a similar spatial pattern with respect to OMI satellite aerosol index. Temporal evolution of dust plume was evaluated by comparing dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) calculated from the simulations with AOD derived from MODIS satellite products. Finally, the comparison of reported Chinese API in Beijing with API calculated from the simulation including dust emissions had showed the significant improvement of the model results taking into account mineral dust correctly.     

青藏高原中汞的分布特征及影响因素——以典型海洋性冰川小流域为例

本研究以青藏高原典型海洋性冰川的雪冰-径流水为研究对象,分析讨论了雪冰-径流水中汞浓度变化趋势及控制因素.结果表明,贡嘎山冰川中雪、冰样品的THg浓度略高于全球背景值,而明永冰川以及米堆冰川的雪、冰、水样品均处于全球背景水平.3个冰川所有雪样、冰样、水样的THg浓度平均值分别为（4.78±5.99）ng/L、（1.72 ±1.15）ng/L、（1.31±0.91）ng/L.不同的环境介质中THg浓度变化总体表现为：雪 > 冰 > 水,其主要受颗粒汞沉淀作用及气态单质Hg挥发作用的控制.贡嘎山的径流水中THg浓度表现为六月最高（7.48±2.22）ng/L,十一月最低（1.39 ±0.27）ng/L.所有雪冰-径流水体系中HgP与THg存在极显著的正相关关系,雪中HgP/THg最高,其次为冰,最低为径流水.贡嘎山径流水中的HgP/THg及月均THg输出变化趋势受径流量和降雨量的影响.主成分分析表明了本研究区域雪冰中THg浓度主要受大气颗粒物沉降及季风传输的影响.此外,相比于其他2个冰川,贡嘎山冰川由于更加靠近人类活动密集区域,更易受到人类活动的影响.     

青海省西宁市和天峻县大气颗粒物中有机氯农药和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平与分布

本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气颗粒物中有机氯农药(OCPs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)的浓度水平.结果表明,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs主要为DDTs、HCHs.西宁市DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:35 pg·m-3、5.9 pg·m-3(夏季)和93 pg·m-3、11 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县DDTs和HCHs的平均水平分别为:83pg·m-3、6.4 pg·m-3(夏季)和28 pg·m-3、6.7 pg·m-3(冬季).与亚洲其它地区相比,青海省大气颗粒物中OCPs处于较低水平.西宁市大气颗粒物中DL-PCBs的平均水平分别为:0.52 pg·m-3(夏季),0.99 pg·m-3(冬季),天峻县为:0.58 pg·m-3(夏季)、0.52 pg·m-3(冬季).西宁市夏、冬两季OCPs的平均水平均大于天峻县,而两地DL-PCBs的平均水平相当.本研究中高原地区DL-PCBs的分布特点及变化规律与极地地区的研究相比存在一定的相似性,而DDTs和HCHs则存在差异性.     

某燃煤超低排放机组非常规污染物脱除

燃煤电厂非常规污染物的排放尚未引起足够的重视。为全面表征燃煤电厂非常规污染物脱除性能,针对某1 000 MW燃煤超低排放机组,分别采用FPM和CPM一体化采样系统、安大略法(OHM)、控制冷凝法、HJ 646-2013规定的有机物测试方法,系统研究了CPM、Hg、SO₃、PAHs等非常规污染物的梯级脱除特性。结果表明：100%、75%负荷时低-低温电除尘系统对CPM脱除率分别为87.15%、92.20%,湿法脱硫分别为49.65%、45.55%,不同负荷下FPM分别为3.6、4.4 mg·m⁻³,但CPM却分别达14.2、15.3 mg·m⁻³,CPM的浓度远超FPM;低-低温电除尘系统脱Hg效率为64.81%,整个系统的脱Hg效率为75.5%,Hg^p全部被脱除,剩余的是难以脱除的Hg⁰、Hg²⁺,脱除率分别为为63.01%、64.29%,Hg⁰排放浓度为5.4 μg·m⁻³,Hg²⁺排放浓度为0.5 μg·m⁻³;SCR脱硝催化剂将SO₂氧化成SO₃的转化率约为0.7%,低-低温电除尘系统可脱除88.7%的SO₃,湿法脱硫对SO₃的脱除率为29.63%,最终SO₃排放浓度为1.9 mg·m⁻³;全系统对16种PAHs脱除率达94.25%,其中,气相、固相脱除率分别为91.61%、99.27%,最终气相、固相PAHs排放浓度分别为2.39 μg·m⁻³和0.11 μg·m⁻³。现有超低排放设备对非常规污染物均有不同程度的协同脱除效果,满负荷条件下该机组CPM、Hg、SO₃、PAHs排放浓度分别为14.2 mg·m⁻³、5.9 μg·m⁻³、1.9 mg·m⁻³、2.5 μg·m⁻³,Hg的排放浓度满足火电厂大气污染物排放标准(GB 13223-2011)中30 μg·m⁻³的要求,CPM、SO₃、PAHs尚无国家强制排放标准。本研究结果可为燃煤电厂后续非常规污染物的控制提供参考。     

大气颗粒物对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性及机制研究进展

流行病学研究揭示PM_2.5暴露与低体重新生儿,早产,先兆子痫,自发性流产,胎儿心血管、消化和神经系统发育异常以及出生缺陷具有相关性,但PM_2.5对儿童发育影响的毒性机制尚不清楚。斑马鱼现已成为体内发育毒性研究的主要模式动物,综述了大气颗粒物对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性及机制相关研究进展,结果表明:大气颗粒物暴露可增加胚胎畸形率和死亡率,且效应强度与颗粒物来源和暴露方式有关;大气颗粒物还可造成胚胎骨骼、心脏、鱼鳔、肝、肠、肌肉等器官组织损伤;毒性机制主要包括改变胚胎全基因表达、microRNA表达及心脏AhR和Wnt/β-catenin通路相关基因表达,最终引起炎症和氧化应激过程,导致胚胎毒性和器官畸形,影响心血管、神经、运动等系统发育。     

皖南地区铜陵市大气颗粒物污染特征及潜在源研究

利用2018年3月—2021年2月环境和气象数据对皖南地区铜陵市大气颗粒物的污染特征和潜在贡献源进行了系统性研究.铜陵市大气颗粒物污染具有明显的季节变化特征,冬季污染物浓度最高,PM_2.5和PM₁₀平均为（60.3±31.0）μg·m^-3和（89.2±42.2）μg·m^-3.计算发现PM_2.5/PM₁₀超过0.5,铜陵市的大气颗粒物污染问题与细颗粒物关系密切.后向轨迹聚类分析表明铜陵市大气颗粒物的输送路径具有季节性差异.春季以西北、东北和西南方向气流为主,占比83.73%;夏季以东南和南部方向气流为主,占比82.90%;秋季以东北气流为主,占比51.00%;冬季则是以北方和西北气流为主,占比69.81%.其中,冬季气流轨迹所对应的PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度最高,平均为59.7和92.0μg·m^-3;夏季最低,平均为23.8和43.8μg·m^-3.潜在源贡献因子（WPSC...     

华北地区大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)年际变化及其对土地利用/覆被变化的响应

大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)是大气污染的重要组成成分,对其影响因素进度探讨具有重要的意义.但目前来看,多数的研究都聚焦于PM_2.5与气象要素以及经济因素之间的关系,分析土地利用/覆被变化对PM_2.5影响的研究相对较少,需要进一步的深入探讨.基于PM_2.5空间分布数据及土地利用/覆被数据,对华北地区PM_2.5变化特征及土地利用/覆被变化特征进行了系统分析,并利用地理加权回归、GIS空间分析等手段探讨了PM_2.5变化与土地利用/覆被变化的响应关系,结果表明:①华北地区PM_2.5浓度整体呈现东南高、西北低的空间格局,且18a均保持这一态势没有变化.时间上来看,在2006年达到污染最大值,之后虽有波动但一直居高不下.多数城市PM_2.5浓度超标,整体环境污染形势严峻;②2000～2015年研究区土地利用类型/覆被以耕地、林地和草地为主,土地利用/覆被变化趋势主要表现为耕地的大量减少以及建设用地的持续增加,水域和未利用地面积略...