Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.     

大气中硝酸和颗粒物硝酸盐的测定

研究了用扩散管差分法和多种叠滤膜法测量大气中粒物硝酸盐和气体硝酸，扩散管差分法可以测量颗粒物硝酸盐和气体硝酸，避免了采样时颗粒物硝酸盐的人为损失。Ｆｌｏｕｒｏｐｏｒｅ聚四氟乙烯膜等惰性膜也可以采集颗粒物硝酸盐，其后的ＮａＣｌ浸渍膜采集硝酸，而玻璃纤维膜几乎同时采集了颗粒物硝酸盐和硝酸。     

Impacts of some meteorological parameters on SO2 and TSP concentrations in Erzurum, Turkey

The air pollution is the one of the most important environmental problems in Erzurum, situated in the eastern of Turkey, during winter periods. The unfavorable climate as well as the city’s topography, and inappropriate urbanization cause serious air pollution problems. The air pollutant concentrations in a city have a close relationship with its meteorological parameters. In the present study, the relationship between daily average total suspended particulate (TSP) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations with meteorological factors, such as wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, pressure and precipitation, in 1995–2002 winter seasons was statistically analyzed using the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. According to the results obtained through analysis, higher TSP and SO₂ concentrations are strongly related to colder temperatures, lower wind speed, higher pressure system and weakly lower precipitation and higher relative humidity. The statistical models of SO₂ and TSP including meteorological parameters gave R² of 0.74 and 0.88, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation between the previous day’s SO₂, TSP concentrations and actual concentrations of these pollutants on that day was investigated and found as 0.84 and 0.53, respectively. In order to develop this model, previous day’s SO₂ and TSP concentrations were added to the equations. The new model for SO₂ enhanced considerably (R² = 0.92), but for TSP new model was not enhanced (R² = 0.89).     

Formation of Nitrate and Sulfate in the Plume of Berlin (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), i.e. particulate sulphate (S(VI)), ammonium and nitrate (N(V)) is formed from gaseous precursors i.e., sulfur dioxide (S(IV)), ammonia and nitrogen oxides, in polluted air on the time-scale of hours to days. Besides particulate ammonium and nitrate, the respective gaseous species ammonia and nitric acid can be formed, too. SIA contributes significantly to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter in urban areas and in strongly anthropogenically influenced air in general. Methods The near-ground aerosol chemical composition was studied at two stationary sites in the vicinity of Berlin during a field campaign in summer 1998. By means of analysis of the wind field, two episodes were identified which allow to study changes within individual air masses during transport i.e., a Lagrangian type of experiment, with one station being upwind and the other downwind of the city. By reference to a passive tracer (Na+) and estimates on dry depositional losses, the influences of dispersion and mixing on concentration changes can be eliminated from the data analysis. Results and Discussion Chemical changes in N(-III), N(V) and S(VI) species were observed. SIA i.e., N(V) and S(VI), was formed from emissions in the city within a few hours. The significance of emissions in the city was furthermore confirmed by missing SIA formation in the case of transport around the city. For the two episodes, SIA formation rates could be derived, albeit not more precise than by an order of magnitude. N(V) formation rates were between 1.4 and 20 and between 1.9 and 59 % h-1 on the two days, respectively, and S(VI) formation rates were > 17 and > 10 % h-1. The area south of the city was identified as a source of ammonia. Conclusion The probability of occurrence of situations during which the downwind site (50 km downwind of Berlin) would be hit by an urban plume is > 7.4%. Furthermore, for the general case of rural areas in Germany it is estimated that for more than half of these there is a significant probability to be hit by an urban plume (> 8%). The S(VI) formation rates are higher than explainable by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry and suggest the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of aerosol particles. Recommendation and Outlook The possible contribution of heterogeneous processes to S(VI) formation should be addressed in laboratory studies. Measurements at more than two sites could improve the potential of Lagrangian field experiments for the quantification of atmospheric chemical transformations, if a second downwind site is chosen in such a way that, at least under particular stability conditions, measurements there are representative for the source area.     

Temporal and spatial relationships in fine particle strong acidity, sulphate, PM1O, and PM2.5 across multiple canadian locations

The Canadian Acid Aerosol Measurement Program (CAAMP) was established in 1992 to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric behaviour of fine particle strong acidity (“acid aerosols”) and to facilitate an assessment of the potential health risks associated with acid aerosols and particles in general. During 1992. 1993 and 1994, annular denuder and filter measurements were taken at four sites in Ontario, two in Quebec, three in the Atlantic Provinces and one in the greater Vancouver area. Mean fine particle sulphate concentrations (SO₄²⁻) were highest in southern Ontario (annual average ranged from 40–70 nmol m⁻³), lowest at a site in the Vancouver area (average = 16 nmol m⁻³) and second lowest in rural Nova Scotia. However, mean fine particle strong acid concentrations (H⁺) were geographically different. The highest mean concentrations were at the east coast sites (annual average of up to 30 nmol m⁻³). Acidities were lower in areas where the fine particle acidity experienced greater neutralization from reaction with ammonia. This included the major urban centres (i.e. Toronto and Montréal) and areas with greater amounts of agricultural activity, as in rural southern Ontario. On average, ambient concentrations of fine and coarse particle mass were larger in the urban areas and also in areas where SO₄²⁻ levels were higher. All the particle components were episodic. However, compared to SO₄²⁻ and fine particles (PM_2.5 or PM_2.1, depending upon inlet design), episodes of H⁺ tended to be less frequent and of shorter duration, particularly in Ontario. Saint John, New Brunswick, had the highest mean annual H⁺ concentration, which was 30 nmol m⁻³. H⁺ episodes (24 h concentration > 100 nmol m⁻³) were also the most frequent at this location. The high levels in Saint John were partially due to local sulphur dioxide sources and heterogeneous chemistry occurring in fog, which, on average, led to a 50% enhancement in sulphate, relative to upwind conditions.There was a substantial amount of intersite correlation in the day to day variations in H⁺, SO₄²⁻ , PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ (fine + coarse particles) concentrations, which is due to the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of fine particles. Sulphate was the most regionally homogenous species. Pearson correlation coefficients comparing SO₄²⁻ between sites ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, depending on site separation and lag time. In many cases, particle episodes were observed to move across the entire eastern portion of Canada with about a two-day lag between the SO₄²⁻ levels in southern Ontario and in southern Nova Scotia.     

城市空气颗粒物开放源理论与治理技术研究进展

城市空气颗粒物开放源已成为大气颗粒物的主要来源之一，它对改善我国城市空气环境质量具有重要意义。开放源是一种复合源类，具有源强不确定和排放不连续等特点。其所排放的主要污染物是扬尘。但目前只有少数的开放源类起尘量可以进行估算。国内外一般对城市空气颗粒物开放源的防治对策有生态环境综合整治或生态修复治理、湿法防尘、将堆放物用覆盖物覆盖或封闭储存等。     

沈阳市大气颗粒物的特征

本文根据沈阳市环境监测及科学研究的有关信息，简要综述了沈阳市区大气颗粒物的污染水平、物理和化学性质及针对性的防治颗粒物污染的建议。     

呼和浩特市大气气态和颗粒物上正构烷烃的研究

采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯和玻璃纤维滤膜采集样品并测定。大气中总正构烷烃的浓度分布、气／固分布比与季节变化、污染源有关。在呼市大气中总正构烷烃（Ｃ１５－Ｃ３３），夏季主要存在气态中（７８％），而冬季主要存在于颗粒物上（８３％）。内蒙古草原大气对照样品中，气态中总正构烷烃在冬夏两季所占百分比都约为５０％。市区冬季大气颗粒物上的总正构烷烃浓度比其它城市结果高出１－２个数量级。     

基于燃料特性的汽油机颗粒物排放预测关系式

汽油机的颗粒物排放与所用燃料的性能密切相关.为评价燃料特性对汽油机颗粒物排放的影响,建立了一个简化PN指数(SPNI)关系式并进行了统计学检验.该指数包含T70(70%蒸馏温度)、重芳烃(碳数≥9)含量、终馏点温度和烯烃含量4个关键的燃料参数.在试验和分析过程中配制了代表不同地区市场油的20种模型燃料,并对其燃料参数进行了相关性分析和多元线性回归.发动机试验结果表明,各种典型运行模式下的发动机实际颗粒物数量(PN)排放均与SPNI呈现高度的相关性.与已有的详细PM指数相比,该模型计算更为简便,可操作性强.该简化PN指数可用于工程上评价不同汽油燃料的颗粒物排放潜势.     

澜沧江流域水体悬浮颗粒物δ15 N空间差异及成因分析

梯级水电建设对澜沧江流域生源物质迁移转化及其生态环境的影响目前受到国内外学者的广泛关注,本文通过使用稳定同位素技术,分析了澜沧江流域悬浮颗粒物氮同位素的空间分布差异及其成因.结果表明,澜沧江上游自然河道水体溶解无机氮(DIN)质量浓度变化范围为0. 28～0. 60 mg·L~(-1),下游水库段DIN质量浓度显著增高,变化范围为0. 39～1. 15mg·L~(-1);上游自然河道段悬浮颗粒物δ~(15)N变化范围为4. 52‰～6. 72‰,下游水库段明显增重其变化范围为2. 3‰～11. 8‰.利用Isosource软件对悬浮颗粒物来源进行分析,结果表明澜沧江流域内工业及生活污水为悬浮物颗粒物氮素的主要贡献源,占比约为42. 43%;土壤有机质、大气沉降、农业化肥的贡献率分别为22. 38%、18. 16%和17. 03%;在该流域内上游自然河道段受工业及生活污水、土壤有机质以及大气沉降共同影响,下游水库段则主要受工业及生活污水的影响.同时小湾、漫湾、大朝山这3个库区内存在藻类吸收同化作用而使得悬浮颗粒物δ~(15)N变轻的现象.