北仑区域大气中黑碳气溶胶特征研究

利用2012年－2014年在北仑城区的黒碳气溶胶及相关的能见度、SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM1、PM2．5因子的监测结果,研究区域黒碳气溶胶的污染特征及与其他相关因子的关系等。结果表明,黒碳气溶胶随着浓度的不同组分会有所差异。另外,区域内的黒碳气溶胶的本底值为1.25μg／m3,在国内大城市中处于相对低位,但远高于全球本底值;黒碳气溶胶对消光的贡献为12．13％;与SO2等的相关性分析表明,其与PM2．5、PM 1、NO 2均为强正相关,与SO 2和CO均为中等强度正相关,而与O 3则显示了负的指数相关。     

ICP－MS在大气颗粒物重金属分析中的应用研究

针对ICP－MS技术的使用特点及在大气颗粒物中重金属分析优势,对近年来中外学者在大气颗粒物重金属分析领域的应用进行了综述。主要从价态分析、样品采集过程中滤膜的选择、前处理时消解方式的选择、在ICP－MS的分析过程中,内标元素的选择及如何去除干扰的等五个方面作出了分析和阐述。     

固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定的质量保证

固定污染源排气中颗粒物的监测是一个复杂的过程,它综合了实验室分析、现场采样及生产工艺等因素,是环保管理部门监控、考核企业污染物是否排放达标的重要因子之一。本文从滤筒的选择、实验室称量、采样仪器、采样点位置、运行工况等几方面提出了固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定中应注意的问题,并对实验室湿度和滤筒烘烤温度对滤筒称重的影响进行了测定,得出实验室的湿度应控制在两次称量土5％范围之内,同时应根据排气筒类型不同,选择不同的温度烘烤滤筒,否则会直接影响滤筒称量的准确度。只有做好固定污染源排气中颗粒物监测过程中各个环节的质量控制,才能获得科学、准确的监测数据。     

2011年春季沙尘天气影响下上海大气颗粒物及其化学组分的变化特征

于2011年4月28日~5月18日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度及细粒子中的化学组分进行了连续观测,获得了上海受春季沙尘天气影响下大气颗粒物质量浓度和主要化学组分特征.结果表明,沙尘天气中PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度显著高于非沙尘天,最高日均浓度分别达到787.2μg·m-3和139.5μg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10的均值为(32.9±14.6)%(15.6%~85.1%);总水溶性无机离子(TWSⅡ)占PM2.5的质量分数为(27.2±19.2)%(4.8%~80.8%),二次组分SNA(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)占TWSⅡ的(76.9±13.9)%(41.9%~94.2%),TWSⅡ和SNA对PM2.5的贡献均小于非沙尘天,而Ca2+的含量比却有明显上升.非沙尘天测得的OC/EC值高于强沙尘天,但低于弱沙尘天.此外分析还得到,沙尘中的高矿尘粒子具有酸性缓冲作用,使得沙尘天颗粒的碱性强于沙尘发生前.非沙尘天SO2-4、NO-3主要以NH4HSO4、(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在,沙尘天还会与其他矿物离子结合.     

我国环境空气中颗粒物达标统计要求研究

基于世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国制定颗粒物达标统计要求的原则,利用我国120个城市2005~2012年可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的实际监测数据,通过统计回归法、比例反推法和控制图法对我国不同地理区划城市的颗粒物达标统计要求进行了分析研究.结果表明,当我国城市PM10浓度达到年均值标准时,大多数城市PM10日均值的达标率均在95.0%以上,平均为97.1%;其中华北、西北地区城市的平均达标率为96.3%,东北地区城市平均达标率为96.6%,华东、中南地区城市平均达标率为97.2%,西南地区城市平均达标率为98.1%.当我国PM10达标统计要求等于97百分位数时,日均值标准和年均值标准的控制力度基本匹配,当达标统计要求高于97百分位数时,日均值标准成为控制性标准,反之年均值标准成为控制性标准.综合考虑我国城市PM10浓度统计特征、百分位数的稳健性和对人体健康的保护性等各方面因素,我国宜选择95百分位数作为我国目前的PM10和PM2.5的日均值达标统计要求.     

甲醇柴油双燃料燃烧结合DOC/POC耦合大幅度减少发动机微粒排放的研究

对一台四缸增压中冷柴油机采用甲醇柴油双燃料模式,研究了甲醇替代率和柴油机氧化催化转化器耦合微粒催化转化器(DOC+POC)后处理装置对该发动机烟度和微粒数量、质量浓度的粒径分布特性的影响.试验结果表明,随甲醇替代率的增加,发动机烟度和微粒数浓度、质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,核态微粒浓度显著降低,聚集态微粒浓度基本保持不变.相比于DOC+POC对纯柴油发动机排气烟度25%左右的净化效率,在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下DOC+POC对排气烟度的平均净化效率在60%以上,最大达到96%,显示了该后处理技术在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下清洁排放的良好应用前景.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

隧道工人的PM10职业暴露特征调查分析及其健康风险评价

针对隧道工人职业健康风险缺乏定量评价方法的现状,借鉴公共环境健康领域暴露评价模型对隧道施工PM10职业暴露的健康风险进行定量评价.设计职业暴露问卷对湖北麻竹高速公路某标段施工中的250名隧道工人进行了调查,并对现场PM10浓度水平进行了监测.结果表明,隧道工人的PM10暴露浓度水平相当高,开挖工、爆破工、支护工、出渣工、二衬工的PM10暴露浓度分别为限值的83倍、18倍、8倍、9倍和9倍;5个工种比较,二衬工日均暴露时间最长,达11.48 h·d-1,能量代谢率最高,达1 067.43 k J·(m2·h)-1,呼吸速率的计算结果显示除二衬工属于重度活动以外,其他4个工种均为中度活动;评价结果显示5个工种均存在健康风险,其中,PM10暴露浓度高是开挖工和爆破工危险系数高的主要原因,而二衬工危险系数高的原因则在于高劳动强度所致的较高的呼吸速率以及较高的日均暴露时间.降低隧道工人PM10健康风险可行的途径是通过配备合适劳动作业的呼吸防护用品从而降低PM10暴露浓度,另外可通过制定相应的职业规范设置合理的劳动年限从而减少持续暴露时间.     

Investigation of trace element atmospheric pollution by nuclear analytical techniques at a global scale: harmonized approaches supported by the IAEA

In the framework of the IAEA programmes, Member States involved in air pollution studies using nuclear analytical techniques have harmonized their methodologies. Participants characterising chemical composition of size fractionated airborne particulate matter based their methodology on a common type of air sampler, centralised data collection and evaluation, and the same kind of data processing. Institutions involved in biomonitoring air pollution identified appropriate organisms to be applied at a regional scale, and harmonized procedures for sample preparation and analysis, as well as data processing and presentation. Both metrology approaches have been validated and disseminated in many Member States.     

ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY RIVER PARTICULATE MATTER1

ABSTRACT: The adsorption of phosphate on particulate matter from the Illinois and Spoon Rivers was investigated. Adsoprtion reached equilibrium after 5 to 6 days and adsorption isotherms were linear for both constant and varying amounts of particulate matter. Adsorption was maximum at pH 8.3 – 8.4 and minimum at 6.0. Rates of adsorption were influenced by the equilibrium concentration of phosphate-P and were essentially the same for the Illinois and Spoon Rivers. However, the quantity of phosphate-P adsorbed per unit weight of particulate matter differed for the two streams with that in the Illinois River exhibiting an adsorption capacity 7 times that of the Spoon River.