南宁市区交通环境空气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征分析研究

含碳颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对人体健康产生很大的威胁.分别于2012年夏季及2013年冬季在南宁市选取六条主要交通干道采集了PM10、PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中的碳组分.结果表明,碳组分浓度季节变化明显.碳组分在细颗粒物中占有比重比在可吸入颗粒物中大.存在二次有机碳污染.对8种碳组分丰度分析说明南宁市大气颗粒物中碳组分的主要来源是燃煤、机动车尾气及生物质样品燃烧.     

湖北省主要固定燃烧源大气颗粒物及VOCs排放特征研究

于2014年1月至12月对湖北省9个城市21家典型企业的固定燃烧源进行了典型大气颗粒物及挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测工作,研究了固定燃烧源大气颗粒物及VOCs的排放特征及其物质组成。结果表明:大气颗粒物年排放总量与装机容量呈正相关关系,颗粒物粒径越细占总颗粒物的质量百分比越低;不同燃料的锅炉废气中的PM10和PM2.5质量浓度表现为:石油焦煤生活垃圾,燃气锅炉废气中只检出PM1.0;焦化厂和炼铁厂锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃为主,各占79.21%和81.09%,乙烯占总VOCs的百分比最高,分别为69.13%和68.88%;燃油锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃(91.74%)为主,燃气锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃(37.96%)和醛脂(38.79%)为主;锅炉废气中VOCs的组分和浓度受锅炉使用类型和燃料类型差异的影响,排放废气中的VOCs浓度水平表现为:焦化厂锅炉炼铁厂锅炉,燃油锅炉燃气锅炉,且组分更复杂。     

上海市大气中PM10浓度的统计分析

以上海市2002年-2009年的PM10实测数据和同步气象资料为研究对象进行上海市PM10污染分析研究。对2002年-2009年的监测数据进行分析、归纳,得到了上海市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度的季节变化规律、每日小时变化规律以及上海市不同地区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度的分布特征,并对这种特征及变化规律进行了详尽地分析。研究表明上海市空气环境质量在逐年好转,其标志是累计超标污染天数每年减少5天;在一年当中,污染天数最多的是冬季,其次是春季,最少的是夏季;在空气环境质量逐年好转的大趋势下,针对其产生的原因进行了分析。     

浸入式短流程超滤膜生产工艺过程膜污染的形成与控制

以江苏芦泾水厂膜技术改造工程为对象,从水质、膜工艺特征结合生产运行过程以及污染膜的清洗进行了分析,目的是了解膜污染的组分构成,评价不同清洗剂的清洗效果,获取较优的清洗顺序.结果表明,原水以憎水酸(HOA)和亲水组分(HIM)为主体,质量分数各占40.34%和28.48%.溶解性有机物(DOM)则以芳香性蛋白质Ⅱ类物质为...     

石墨探针采样/石墨探针炉原子吸收光谱测定APM中痕量铜

采用一定规格的石墨探针可直接收集大气微料物质（ＡＰＭ）。然后,立即采用石墨探针炉原子吸收光谱测定收集在探针上的ＡＰＭ中痕量铜。方法简便,快速。在０－５５０ｎｇ／ｍＬ范围内,铜的浓度与峰面积吸光度呈良好的线性关系。铜的特征量为２２．０ｐｇ,检出限为６．６ｎｇ／ｍＬ。分析标准参比材料,铜的回收率达９８％,相对标准偏差为３．３％。     

受体模型在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用和进展

综述用于大气颗粒物研究的受体模型在国内外的发展概况。对受体模型与扩散模型的特点,常用受体模型的技术内容,受体模型在城区尺度、区域尺度和全球尺度颗粒物源解析研究中的应用作了详细阐述。介绍了受体模型研究的一些热点问题,提出当前应开展的主要研究课题。     

呼和浩特市大气气相和颗粒物中有机污染物的定性分析

选用聚氨基甲酸酯泡沫塑料吸附块和玻璃纤维滤膜构成的大气全态采样头,以内蒙古四子王旗摹为对照点,于冬夏两季捕集呼和浩特市（呼市）大气气相和颗粒物中的有机污染物,样品经提取分离后用色质联机,气相色谱仪,液相色谱仪鉴定出３类（烃类、芳在,酞酸酯类）近８０种有机污染物,对其中４５种进行定量分析,结果表明呼市地区属于大气有机污染物高浓度地区。     

石墨探针收集/石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定APM中痕量铅

研究一种直接收集并测定大气微粒物质中痕量有害元素铅的新方法,石墨探针直接收集ＡＰＭ后,用石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定收集在探针上的ＡＰＭ中痕量铅。方法特征量为４４．００ｐｇ,检出限为４８．３６ｐｇ,,相对标准偏差为３．２２％,铅学度与峰面积吸光度在０－２５０μｇ／Ｌ范围内呈线性关系,测定标准参比材料,其回收率为９４．４２％＿９９．１４％,并成功地测定了大气微粒物质中痕量铅的含量。     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution

An overview of the application of organic geochemistry to the analysis of organic matter on aerosol particles is presented here. This organic matter is analyzed as solvent extractable bitumen/ lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic geochemical approach assesses the origin, the environmental history and the nature of secondary products of organic matter by using the data derived from specific molecular analyses. Evaluations of production and fluxes, with cross-correlations can thus be made by the application of the same separation and analytical procedures to samples from point source emissions and the ambient atmosphere. This will be illustrated here with typical examples from the ambient atmosphere (aerosol particles) and from emissions of biomass burning (smoke). Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic relief of the air shed. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g., plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g., oils, soot, synthetics, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic particle emissions contain organic materials which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns (C₁₄-C₄₀). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and synthetics (e.g., chlorinated compounds), are the major anthropogenic residues. Biomass combustion is another important primary source of particles injected into the global atmosphere. It contributes many trace substances which are reactants in atmospheric chemistry and soot paniculate matter with adsorbed biomarker compounds, most of which are unknown chemical structures. The injection of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular composition of organic matter in smoke particles is highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Retene has been utilized as a tracer for conifer smoke in urban aerosols, but is not always detectable. Dehydroabietic acid is generally more concentrated in the atmosphere from the same emission sources. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g., levoglucosan from cellulose) are also excellent tracers. An overview of the biomarker compositions of biomass smoke types is presented here. Defining additional tracers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke aids the assessment of the organic matter type and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry can be applied successfully to provide tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and smoke plumes. Presented at the 6th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution, August 26–28, 1998, Copenhagen.