Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.     

北京不同污染天气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)染毒对大鼠生理病理参数的影响

为探讨北京不同污染天气大气可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)和细颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染对雄性大鼠血常规、氧化损伤、炎症反应和肺组织的影响,将64只雄性8周龄Wistar大鼠随机分为8组,分别为2个对照组(空白组和生理盐水组)和6个染毒组(清洁、雾霾及沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)染毒组和PM_(2.5)染毒组),每组8只。用2015年3月—5月在北京南海子麋鹿苑采集的清洁、雾霾和沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)制备悬液,分别采用气管滴入PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)悬液作为染毒组,空白对照组不做任何处理,生理盐水对照组采用气管滴注生理盐水。急性染毒24 h后处死大鼠。采集血液测定18个血常规指标,分析肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,并在高倍显微镜下观察肺组织和气管病理形态变化。同时,对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子、有机碳/元素碳、16种多环芳烃和7种重金属等元素进行了测定,并分析了各组分与大鼠生理病理指标的相关性。结果表明:清洁、沙尘暴天气的PM_(10)和雾霾天气的PM_(2.5)急性染毒导致大鼠白细胞系参数即免疫力显著下降。污染天气颗粒物染毒后大鼠BALF氧化炎症因子的改变表明呼吸系统受到感染:沙尘暴和清洁天的PM_(10)染毒均显著提高了TGF-β1,雾霾PM_(10)染毒后IL-6和LDH有一定程度升高。3种天气颗粒物染毒对肺和气管造成的组织病理伤害各有特点,但PM_(2.5)伤害程度普遍大于PM_(10)。染毒颗粒物粒径大小,其化学成分类别、浓度是造成大鼠血常规指标变化、氧化炎症反应和组织学病变的可能原因。     

大气细颗粒物对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

大气颗粒物对肺免疫系统有潜在毒性作用,打破免疫系统平衡,大气颗粒物成分中危害首当其冲的是大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),为研究大气细颗粒物引起的机体T淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2免疫失衡方向。本研究通过免疫组化实验方法检测暴露后小鼠肺组织中T淋巴细胞的表达,进一步采用流式细胞术检测大气细颗粒物气管滴注后小鼠肺脏淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2比例。暴露组小鼠肺组织免疫组化研究结果提示浸润细胞区有大量的CD4~+T细胞,中高剂量暴露组小鼠肺组织中淋巴细胞亚群Th1/Th2比例向Th1偏移。大气细颗粒物影响免疫失衡,使T淋巴细胞向Th1漂移。     

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

刁江水体多相介质中As,Zn和Pb的空间和季

调查了广西刁江河水中As,Zn和Pb的溶解态、悬浮颗粒态分布情况及季节变化,以及3种重金属在不同粒级沉积物中的分布情况. 结果表明:刁江流域河水与沉积物中3种重金属污染在流域尺度上的分布存在差异,沉积物污染更为严重. 与土壤污染一致,沉积物中3种重金属的污染范围扩散延伸到距离污染源近200 km的下游区域,其中车河矿区对As污染的贡献率明显高于大厂矿区,而对Pb污染的贡献率明显小于大厂矿区;不同重金属在水体中的赋存形态存在差异,河水中悬浮颗粒态Pb所占比例远高于As和Zn,这与3种重金属矿物的稳定性以及在不同粒级沉积物中的富集特征有关;河水中重金属的赋存形态存在季节差别,丰水期悬浮颗粒态重金属所占比例明显高于枯水期.      

固定燃烧源颗粒物稀释采样系统的研制与应用

为研究固定燃烧源颗粒物排放特征,研制开发了稀释烟道采样系统.该系统能模拟高温烟气排放到大气中的冷却、稀释、凝结等物理化学过程,捕集燃烧源排放的一次颗粒物.详细阐述了采样系统的结构并对系统进行了检验.整个采样系统稳定度高,测量结果可靠,操作简便.采样系统小型化设计,适合于现场应用.该系统已成功应用于我国典型燃烧源颗粒物排放特征研究.     

鞍山市环境空气中PM10、PM2.5污染特征研究

文章对鞍山市环境空气中细颗粒物（PM2.5）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）季节性变化及月变化污染特征进行分析,不同季节的PM2.5、PM10变化趋势均为夏季〈秋季〈春季〈冬季;PM2.5、PM10的月均质量浓度按高低顺序分别为：12月〉1月〉11月〉2月〉10月〉4月〉3月〉7月〉8月〉6月〉5月〉9月和1月〉12月〉3月〉4月〉2月〉10月〉11月〉5月〉6月〉7月〉8月〉9月。同时,分析了ρ（PM2.5）对ρ（PM10）的贡献率,全年的ρ（PM2.5）/ρ（PM10）平均值为57.8%,结果表明,在PM10中,PM2.5的含量要大于PM2.5-10的含量。     

外源输入对底泥疏浚新生表层磷恢复及迁移的影响

外源输入对底泥疏浚新生表层磷恢复及迁移转化的影响尚不清楚,阐明该问题对于底泥疏浚实施后流域尺度上的外源控制及管理具有重要的意义.本研究以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,采用野外原位模拟疏浚的方法研究在有无外源颗粒物输入条件下,疏浚前后新生泥水界面磷的迁移转化过程,并探讨疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果.结果表明,疏浚后阻止外源颗粒物输入对沉积物总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)的控制产生着积极的影响;疏浚显著降低了表层沉积物潜在可移动磷的含量,有外源颗粒物输入组潜在可移动态磷(Mobile-P)含量显著高于无外源组,变化的Mobile-P以铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主,有机磷(Org-P)次之,弱结合态磷(Lb-P)含量较低不足总磷的1‰;实验210d后,有外源颗粒物输入疏浚组间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于未疏浚组,无外源疏浚组显著低于未疏浚组(P 0. 05);无外源疏浚组间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度保持着较低的水平,其余组间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P浓度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度与其对应分层沉积物中Fe-P含量显著正相关;冬春季间沉积物的源-汇功能发生了转变,沉积物对上覆水由汇转变成为源;疏浚措施降低了底泥内源磷释放速率,可有效控制其内源磷释放,阻止外源颗粒物输入对疏浚控制内源磷负荷起到了较好的促进作用.     

我国中东部不同地区冬季颗粒物垂直分布的车载移动观测

利用中山大学环境气象综合观测车（载有3D可视型激光雷达、多普勒风廓线激光雷达、转动拉曼温廓线激光雷达）于2018年冬季在全国范围内（厦门-北京）的走航观测资料,对我国中东部不同地区和城市的边界层结构以及颗粒物分布特征进行了研究.结果表明：(1)在从南向北走航的过程中,边界层内各个高度的温度以及边界层高度呈下降趋势.(2)不同高度发生颗粒物污染的气象成因有所差别,其中1000 m高度左右发生颗粒物污染的主要成因是较高的水平风速将周围地区的颗粒物输送过来而导致;500 m及近地面附近发生颗粒物污染主要是由水平风速较小导致局地来源的颗粒物堆积以及上游地区颗粒物的输送两者共同作用.(3)逆温结构和上升气流会导致颗粒物在边界层顶堆积,而下沉气流使得颗粒物由在某一高度堆积扩散至整层均匀分布.     

Distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic in different sized atmospheric particulate matters

The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic (As) in different sized atmospheric particulate matters (PMs), including total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀, and PM_2.5, collected from Baoding, China were analyzed. The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were 31.5, 35.3, and 54.1 µg/g, respectively, with an order of PM_2.5 >PM ₁₀ > TSP, revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles. Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species, speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted. Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite (iAs^III), inorganic arsenate (iAs^V), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) in PMs, while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were rarely reported. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs. An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA, DMA and iAs^V, while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^III. Results showed that iAs^V was the dominate component in all the samples, corresponding to a portion of 79.2% ± 9.3% of the total extractable species, while iAs^III, TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%. Our study demonstrated that iAs^III accounted for about 14.4% ± 11.4% of the total extracted species, with an average concentration of 1.7 ± 1.6 ng/m³. It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples (84 out of 97 samples), which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.