亲疏水性溶解性有机物对聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜污染行为

选用模拟亲疏水性有机物及实际二级处理水中的亲疏水性有机物,分别进行了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜污染实验.并测定了不同污染物与膜及污染物间的作用力,分析亲/疏水性有机物对PVDF超滤膜的污染行为.结果表明,膜-污染物及污染物间相互作用力是控制膜污染行为的主导因素.亲水性有机物与PVDF超滤膜之间的相互亲和力较强,致使运行初期膜通量的大幅度下降,是PVDF膜的优势污染物.但是,针对实际污染物,运行后期,疏水性有机物之间较强的相互作用力使得其取代了亲水性有机物,成为膜的优势污染物.此外,模拟亲疏水性有机物的膜污染变化规律与实际亲疏水性有机物相似,表明使用模拟污染物可一定程度上预测实际废水中相应性能污染物的膜污染行为.     

Fenton氧化法深度处理甲醛废水

采用Fenton氧化法深度处理经生化降解后的甲醛废水,结果表明,Fenton氧化法深度处理甲醛废水是可行的,在合适的反应条件下,降解初始COD为150 mg/L左右的甲醛废水,COD去除率达30%以上;Fe2+与H2O2的投加比例、投加量及投加方式、反应温度、pH、反应时间对处理效果都有不同程度的影响。     

不同垃圾渗滤液组合处理工艺中DOM的变化特征

为了快速表征垃圾渗滤液处理过程中有机物的特性变化,分别采用紫外光谱和三维荧光光谱对2种垃圾渗滤液处理工艺不同单元溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化进行了系统分析。结果表明,二级RO和厌氧+好氧+MBR+NF+RO工艺对渗滤液COD和NH3-N的去除率分别为98.7%、99.0%和98.8%、98.6%。随着处理过程的进行,2个处理工艺中DOM的SUVA254、E253/E203分别由0.74、0.33和0.46、0.12下降至0.015、0.014和0.010、0.012,有机物的芳香性和不饱和性下降,脂肪链芳香烃化合物开始增加。不同处理阶段渗透液DOM三维荧光光谱表明,随着处理过程的进行,类富里酸和类蛋白物质的含量逐渐下降,芳构化程度开始降低。其中二级RO系统对渗滤液中类富里酸物质的去除效果较好,而厌氧-好氧-MBR-NF-RO工艺中,类酪氨酸物质主要通过微生物降解去除,NF和RO膜对类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质的截留效果较好。     

布袋过滤除尘中气固两相流的格子Boltzmann模拟

使用格子Boltzmann方法对含尘气体通过布袋滤料纤维的流动进行了数值模拟,采用拉格朗日方法跟踪了颗粒相中每个粒子的位置和速度并进行单向耦合计算。分析了气流通过纤维捕集体过程中的压降的变化规律,结果与达西渗透定律吻合。与此同时,对粒径小于1μm的气溶胶粒子在布袋纤维捕集体上的沉积规律展开了讨论。结果表明,粒径小于0.01μm的粒子的捕集主要受粒子的布朗随机扩散效应的控制;粒径大于0.1μm的粒子则主要依靠纤维滤料的拦截作用而沉积在捕集体表面;而粒径在0.01～0.1μm范围的粒子则具有较低的捕集效率。模拟结果为研究袋式除尘的过滤机理提供了依据。     

Vegetative buffers for fan emissions from poultry farms: 2. ammonia,dust and foliar nitrogen

This study evaluated the potential of trees planted around commercial poultry farms to trap ammonia (NH₃) and dust or particulate matter (PM). Norway spruce, Spike hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, and Streamco purpleosier willow were planted on five commercial farms from 2003 to 2004. Plant foliage was sampled in front of the exhaust fans and at a control distance away from the fans on one turkey, two laying hen, and two broiler chicken farms between June and July 2006. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and PM content. In addition, NH₃ concentrations were measured downwind of the exhaust fans among the trees and at a control distance using NH₃ passive dosi–tubes. Foliage samples were taken and analyzed separately based on plant species. The two layer farms had both spruce and poplar plantings whereas the two broiler farms had hybrid willow and Streamco willow plantings which allowed sampling and species comparisons with the effect of plant location (control vs. fan). The results showed that NH₃ concentration h^{? 1} was reduced by distance from housing fans (P ≤ 0.0001), especially between 0 m (12.01 ppm), 11.4 m (2.59 ppm), 15 m (2.03 ppm), and 30 m (0.31 ppm). Foliar N of plants near the fans was greater than those sampled away from the fans for poplar (3.87 vs. 2.56%; P ≤ 0.0005) and hybrid willow (3.41 vs. 3.02%; P ≤ 0.05). The trends for foliar N in spruce (1.91 vs. 1.77%; P = 0.26) and Streamco willow (3.85 vs. 3.33; P = 0.07) were not significant. Pooling results of the four plant species indicated greater N concentration from foliage sampled near the fans than of that away from the fans (3.27 vs. 2.67%; P ≤ 0.0001). Foliar DM concentration was not affected by plant location, and when pooled the foliar DM of the four plant species near the fans was 51.3% in comparison with 48.5% at a control distance. There was a significant effect of plant location on foliar N and DM on the two layer farms with greater N and DM adjacent to fans than at a control distance (2.95 vs. 2.15% N and 45.4 vs. 38.2% DM, respectively). There were also significant plant species effects on foliar N and DM with poplar retaining greater N (3.22 vs. 1.88%) and DM (43.7 vs. 39.9%) than spruce. The interaction of location by species (P ≤ 0.005) indicated that poplar was more responsive in terms of foliar N, but less responsive for DM than spruce. The effect of location and species on foliar N and DM were not clear among the two willow species on the broiler farms. Plant location had no effect on plant foliar PM weight, but plant species significantly influenced the ability of the plant foliage to trap PM with spruce and hybrid willow showing greater potential than poplar and Streamco willow for PM_2.5(0.0054, 0.0054, 0.0005, and 0.0016 mg cm^{? 2}; P ≤ 0.05) and total PM (0.0309, 0.0102, 0.0038, and 0.0046 mg cm^{? 2}, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). Spruce trapped more dust compared to the other three species (hybrid willow, poplar, and Streamco willow) for PM₁₀ (0.0248 vs. 0.0036 mg cm^{? 2}; P ≤ 0.0001) and PM_{> 10} (0.0033 vs. 0.0003 mg cm^{? 2}; P = 0.052). This study indicates that poplar, hybrid willow, and Streamco willow are appropriate species to absorb poultry house aerial NH₃–N, whereas spruce and hybrid willow are effective traps for dust and its associated odors.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

煤焦化过程中颗粒物和二氧化硫的释放

选择山西省某地的四个土焦炉、两个热回收焦炉和两个机焦炉开展焦炉顶空气和烟气中颗粒物和SO2研究。结果显示在正常工作条件下热回收焦炉顶空气中颗粒物和SO2浓度最小,其次是机焦炉,土焦炉顶最高。机焦炉和热回收焦炉顶污染物浓度在出焦和装煤时明显升高。土焦炉烟气中颗粒物排放浓度和排放速率明显高于热回收焦炉和机焦炉;各种炉型烟气中SO2浓度差别较小,排放速率以机焦炉最高;土焦炉的烟尘和二氧化硫吨焦排放量最高,而机焦炉和热回收焦炉由于环保设备的使用显著降低。生产过程污染物释放显示机焦炉和热回收焦炉的颗粒物和SO2释放主要来源于焦化过程和熄焦过程。由吨焦排放量估计炼焦烟尘和二氧化硫对全国的烟尘和二氧化硫排放贡献小于5%,但对山西省的贡献接近15%和30%,控制炼焦污染对当地环境改善具有重要意义。     

新型旋流除尘器在100万吨/年乙烯装置尾气除尘中的应用

为了去除石化行业乙烯装置裂解炉烧焦尾气中的颗粒污染物,对传统用于气体除尘的旋风分离器进行改进,设计了一种新型旋流除尘器,并将其应用于乙烯装置裂解炉清焦过程中.经新型旋流除尘器处理后,出口气中焦粉颗粒质量浓度基本控制在15 mg/m3以下,符合GB 31570—2016《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的排放要求(≤20 m...     

VOCs、细菌及颗粒物混合暴露致小鼠学习记忆障碍机制研究

室内空气污染的现状是多种污染源共存,挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)、细菌及颗粒物等是典型室内空气污染物。神经行为学毒性是室内空气污染引起的敏感毒性作用之一。为了探讨VOCs、细菌及颗粒物混合暴露对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响及机制,选用雄性昆明小鼠70只,随机分为对照(G1)和2～7(G2～G7)号染毒组。采用水迷宫和抓力仪测定小鼠的学习记忆潜伏期和抓力,染毒结束后测定全脑中活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA),神经递质谷氨酸(Glu)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量以及胆碱能系统的乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)活力,同时分析脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质细胞神经营养因子(GDNF)及神经生长因子(NGF)的水平。结果显示,第6天,G5、G6及G7小鼠的抓力、逃避潜伏期及在原平台所在象限的探索时间较对照组存在显著差异,并且伴有ROS、MDA含量的显著升高,Glu含量的显著升高,Ach含量、ChAT及TChE活力的显著降低,以及神经营养因子的显著下调(P<0.05或P<0.01)。研究结果表明,VOCs、颗粒物及细菌混合暴露能够导致小鼠学习记忆障碍,混合暴露引起的氧化损伤诱导的神经兴奋或抑制性毒性作用,以及神经营养因子沿轴突逆向传递降低或中断两方面作用导致神经递质产生和释放异常,进而引起学习记忆能力降低。     

城市扬尘污染主要成因与精准治尘思路

扬尘是城市环境空气颗粒物的重要贡献源.为进一步提升扬尘污染防治水平,梳理总结了城市扬尘排放与贡献特征,剖析了城市扬尘污染的主要成因,明确主要起尘情景和关键控制指标,并针对性提出主要防治措施建议,以进一步完善"精准治尘"的思路.各扬尘源类中,道路扬尘和施工扬尘是对城市环境空气颗粒物贡献的主要源类,其中通常以道路更为突出....